PPP Document:
ih- ih- nLrkost
ifjp;
fo”o “kkfUr vkSj le`f) ds fy;s yksx
fo”o “kkfUr] iw.kZ jkstxkj vkSj le`f) ds fy;s ,d dk;Z;kstuk
;g nLrkost fufoZokn :Ik ls LFkkfir djrk gS fd fo”o “kkfUr vkSj le`f) dks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj og Hkh iwjs fo”o esa leLr yksxksa ds thou dks csgrj cukdjA blls izR;sd O;fDr u dsoy vkfFkZd :Ik ls vfirq vU; lHkh izdkj ls Hkh ykHkkfUor gksaxsA ;g ;kstuk cgqr gh O;ogkfjd gS vkSj vkSj n”kkZrh gS fd ekuork fdl izdkj csjkstxkjh vkSj vfr xjhch dks nwj dj vkSj fo”o”kkfUr dks LFkkfir dj iwjh ekuotkfr ds HkkX; dks cny ldrh gSA blls fo”o esa izR;sd O;fDr] dEiuh vkSj ljdkj dks ykHk gksxk vkSj blesa lHkh dks thr dk vuqHko gksxkA gekjh oSf”od fcjknjh ladV vkSj Vdjko ls tw> jgh gSA blds le{k dbZ vfregRoiw.kZ vk”kadk;sa vkSj pqukSfr;kWa gS fo”ks’kr% xjhch] vkSj ;fn budk mUewyu djuk gS rks fQj vUrjkZ’Vªh; lg;ksx u dsoy okafNr gS cfYd ;g furkar vko”;d Hkh gSA vkt ds le; esa oSf”od lg;ksx] ekuotkfr dh lcls cM+h vko”;drk cu xbZ gSA vkSj tc ;g izkIr gksxk rc ;g iwjh fo”o fcjknjh dks cnyus esa l{ke gksxk vkSj yksxksa ds lkekftd vkfFkZd rFkk jktuSfrd thou esa egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu yk,xkA vr% gesa lkFk thus] ijLij lg;ksx vkSj cqf)erk ls bl xzg ij “kklu djus dh dyk dks lh[kuk gh gksxkA
bl /kjrh ij izR;sd dEiuh] Dyc] Ldwy vkSj laxfBr lewg dh viuh “kklu iz.kkyh gS tks fd viuk dke dj jgh gS ijUrq bl /kjrh dk viuk dksbZ “kklu ugha gS & ;g nLrkost n”kkZrk gS fd fdl rjg ge bl /kjrh ds yksx i`Foh dks ,d oSf”od iz”kklu ns ik;saxs tks fd iw.kZr% yksdrkaf=d gksxk vkSj bl lR; ij vk/kkfjr gksxk fd U;k; “kfDr ls Hkh vf/kd “kfDr”kkyh gSA fo”o “kkfUr vkSj iw.kZ jkstxkj dh ckr djuk yksxksa dks dksjh vkn”kZoknh lksp yx ldrh gS ysfdu ftUgsa lekt”kkL= dk FkksM+k Hkh Kku gS] os tkurs gSa fd lekt mRjksÙkj cM+s vkSj lejl lewg esa ifj.kr gksrk tk jgk gSA ;g izfØ;k vkxs Hkh tkjh jgsxhA vr% ;g vifjgk;Z gS fd fo”o ds lHkh ns”k igys ;k ckn esa gh lgh] ,d nwljs ds lkFk rkyesy vkSj lg;ksx dj bls ,dkRed Lo:Ik nsaA bl izLrqfr esa fn;s x;s fopkj ekuork ds fujarj mn~Hko ij vk/kkfjr gSaA ,slh vk”kk dh tkrh gS fd vkxs ds i`’B bl vksj ennxkj gksaxs fd ekuork ;g Lohdkj djs fd fo”o “kkfUr] iw.kZ jkstxkj vkSj le`f) vc ekuotkfr ds fy;s lqyHk gSA tSls gh ge bl /kjrh ds yksx yksdrkaf=d jhfr ls ,sls jktusrkvksa dks pqusaxs tks bl fo”o “kkafr dh bl ubZ fopkj/kkjk esa fo”okl j[krs gSa & ge bu y{;ksa dks izkIr dj ldrs gSaA ekuork dk mn~Hko gks jgk gS D;ksafd dgha xgjkbZ es]a gekjs vfLrRo ds ewy esa] gjsd ds vUnj vkxs c<+us] l`tu djuss] mWapkbZvksa dks Nwus] xgjkbZ;ksa esa tkdj vUos’k.k djus] ges”kk csgrj djus dh] O;oLFkk dks csgrj cukus dh vkSj ;FkklaHko vkxs c<+rs jgus dh izo`fÙk gSA ekuo O;fDrxr vkSj lkewfrd fodkl ds }kjk vPNs ls csgrj vkSj csgrj ls vf/kd mfpr ikuk pkgrk gSA ge vkxs c<+uk pkgrs gSa rkfd ge viuh leL;kvksa dk funku dj ik;saA ge leL;k dk gy fudkyus okys yksx gSa] vr% ;fn leL;k,Wa gSa Hkh rks ge mUgsa [kkst fudkysaxsaA ekuo tkfr dk bfrgkl yksxksa ds lcls cM+s lewg esa “kkfey gksdj U;k; vkSj rjDdh ds fy;s la?k’kZ dk bfrgkl jgk gSA vjcksa yksxksa us la?k’kZ fd;k vkSj blesa nfl;ksa yk[k yksx U;k; ds vUos’k.k rFkk ekuon”kk esa lq/kkj ykus dh vnE; ps’Vk esa vius izk.k xokWa pqds gSaA
;+|fi vc rd fd miyfC/k;ksa dh jkg dfBu] yEch vkSj jDrjaftr jgh gS ijUrq ekuork bu lHkh dfBukbZ;ksa ds ckotwn vkt Hkh lekt esa O;kIr vU;k; dk fojks/k djrh gSA ekuo tkfr dk fodkl vla[; mRd’kZ vkSj iru dh xkFkk gS] ftlesaa izxfr dh vksj lgt >qdko gSA dbZ ckj ,slk vkHkkl gksrk jgk gS fd ekuork dk {k; gks jgk gS] ijUrq bl vkHkkl ds ckn Hkh ;g fujUrj fodflr gks jgh gS] vkSj ubZ ÅWapkbZ;ksa dks Nw jgh gSA loZnk ekuofufeZr lajpuk;sa vkSj O;oLFkk;s]a tks le; vUrjky ij vokafNr yxus yxha] mudk LFkku vf/kd mi;qDr fodYiksa us ys fy;kA bfrgkl Hkh bl rF; dh iqf’V djrk gSA lkearoknh O;oLFkk dk vUr] nklizFkk dk lekiu vkSj uLyHksn dk [kkRek bl “kkS;xkFkk ds dqN mnkgj.k gSaA
;s lHkh O;oLFkk;sa rkRdkfyd lanHkZ esa cgqer }kjk vifjgk;Z vkSj blfy;s vuafre ekuh tkrh FkhaA ,slk ekuk x;k fd ;gh ekuo dh fu;fr gS vkSj ;s O;oLFkk;sa ekuo O;ogkj ds fpjdkfyd Lo:Ik dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA izkjaHk esa eqëh Hkj yksxksa us bls Lohdkj fd;k fd ;s O;oLFkk;sa LFkk;h ugha gkssdj vYidkfyd gSa vkSj /kheh mn~Hko izfØ;k dh vifjgk;Z mit gSaA bu O;oLFkkvksa dk [kkRek okafNr gksus ds lkFk lkFk gkfly gksus ;ksX; Hkh Fkk] vkSj bl izdkj gj O;oLFkk ckjh&ckjh ls [kRe gksrh xbZ tks fd ekuo ds fodkl dh vkdka{kk dk ifj.kke FkhaA dqN Hkh LFkk;h :Ik ls ,d tSlk ugha jgrk gS cfYd ;g fodkl dk ,d fgLlk gSA vkt ds bl nkSj esa ge Hkh orZeku dh dbZ fLFkfr;ksa ;Fkk ;q)] xjhch vkSj csjkstxkjh dks vifjgk;Z vkSj fu%”ks’k ekurs gSaA D;k ;g laHko ugha fd ;s leL;k,wa Hkh iwoZdkfyd uLyHksn vkSj vU; mfYyf[kr leL;kvksa dh Hkkafr ifjiDork dh vksj vxzlj ekuo la?k’kZ dh izfØ;k dk vifjgk;Z izfrQy gksa\
ekuotkfr ds ekeyksa dks bl jhfr ls O;ofLFkr djuk laHko gS fd ;s lHkh dks lgt miyC/k gksaA fuLlansg ge ;dhu dj ldrs gSa fd xjhch dk var Hkh Bhd mlh rjg gksxk tSls geus uLyHksn dks lekIr fd;k FkkA og fnu vc nwj ugha tc fdlh dkss Hkh ekSfyd ekuokf/kdkjksa ls oafpr ugha fd;k tk ldsxk] rkfd og Lo;a vkSj vius ifjokj ds fy;s xfjeke; thou ds volj fudky ldsA ;g ekuokf/kdkjksa ds lkoZHkkSfed ?kks’k.kk i= dk lcls vge vf/kdkj gSA
;g izLrko foLrkj ls crkrk gS fd vUrjkZ’Vªh; lg;ksx ds }kjk fdl izdkj ls ekuork dh eq[; leL;kvksa dk lek/kku fd;k tk ldrk gSA fuLlansg bl lek/kku ds dbZ vU; fodYi Hkh gksaxs] vkSj fuf”pr :Ik ls ,slk gekjk vfHkizk; Hkh ugha gS fd ;gh ,dek= ;k loksZÙke jkLrk gSA vfirq ;g bl ckr dks js[kkafdr djrk gS fd izLrkfor lq>ko vkSj ;kstuk O;ogkfjd gS vkSj bls ,sls Lo:Ik esa ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gS fd leLr ekuo tkfr dks blls ykHk feysA
ihiqYl QkWj oYMZ ihl ,aM izksLifjVh dh LFkkiuk bl izLrko esa of.kZr fopkjksa ds izlkj ds fy;s gqbZ FkhA ;g ;kstuk fdlh fo”ks’k jktuSfrd ny] /keZ] ljdkj ;k fdlh Hkh izdkj ds lewg ;k laxBu dh mit ugha gS cfYd ;g bl xzg ds ,d lkekU; ukxfjd ds fny dh nnZ Hkjh ph[k gS & iwjh nqfu;k ds yksxksa dks jk’Vªksa ds chp lg;ksx fodflr dj fo”o “kkafr vkSj le`f) ds fy;s lkewfgd m|e esa “kkfey gksus ds fy;sA ;g nqfu;k ds izR;sd iq:’k] L=h vkSj cPps ls] izR;sd jk’Vªk/;{k ls] jktusrkvksa ls vkSj csjkstxkj O;fDr;ksa ls vihy djrh gS fd os fo”o “kkfUr dh vksj c<+saA iw.kZ jkstxkj vkSj le`f) vc lEiw.kZrk vkSj lexzrk ds lkFk gekjh igqWap esa gSA gesa ;g ;kn j[kus dh vko”;drk gS fd lEiw.kZ i`Foh gh gekjk ?kj gS] vkSj gesa] bl i`Foh ds yksxksa dks] ;g vf/kdkj vkSj nkf;Ro gS fd ge bldk [;ky j[ksa] ,d nwljs dh fpUrk djsa vkSj blds “kklu fof/k esa viuh fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkk;saA ge] bl fo”o ds yksx] bl u;s fopkj dk iw.kZr% vkSj lkoZtfud :Ik ls leFkZu djus okys mEehnokjksa dk p;u dj vc bls izkIr djus gh okys gSaA
gekjh oSf”od vFkZO;oLFkk esa ladV ds dkj.k
19oha lnh esa Lopkfyr izfØ;k ds vkxeu vkSj mlds mijkUr 20oha lnh esa dEI;wVj] ekbZØksfpIl] jkscksV rFkk ekuoJe dks cpkus okys reke vn~Hkqr midj.kksa ds lkFk geyksxksa us rduhd dks bl gn rd fodflr dj fy;k gS fd Lopkfyr e”khusa izk;% lHkh izdkj ds dke djus esa l{ke gSaA mRiknu yksxksa rFkk e”khuksa nksuksa ls gh izkIr gks jgk gS ijUrq vkt e”khuksa ds dbZ Qk;ns gSaA izk;% e”khusa viuk dke csgrj rjhds ls dj ikus esa l{ke gSa] fcYdqy lVhd dke djrh gSa vkSj lcls cM+h ckr rks ;g fd bUgsa dksbZ ikfjJfed Hkh ugha nsuk iM+rk gSA vr% e”khusa u dsoy csgrj dke djus yk;d gSa cfYd ykxr jfgr Hkh gSaA bldk urhtk ;g gS fd fu;r ek=k esa oLrqvksa ds mRiknu ds fy;s dEifu;kWa mRjksÙkj e”khuksa dks vf/kdrk esa fu;qDr dj jgh gSa vkSj ekuo fu;kstu rsth ls de gksrk tk jgk gSA
bl leL;k dks vkSj Hkh csgrj :Ik ls le>us ds fy;s ge ,d dkYifud dEiuh dk mnkgj.k ysrs gSa tks fd pht+] dks;yk] dkj ;k fdlh vU; oLrq dk mRiknu djrh gSA eku ysrs gSa fd vkt ls ipkl o’kZ iwoZ bl dEiuh dk okf’kZd dkjksckj 22 fefy;u ;wjks Fkk vkSj 450 O;fDr ;gkWa fu;ksftr FksA ;fn ge dkjksckj esa lkykuk 3 izfr”kr okf’kZd o`f) vkSj fu;ksftr ekuo lalk/ku esa brus gh izfr”kr dh deh ds vk/kkj ij x.kuk djsa rks ikrs gSa fd okf’kZd dkjksckj rks c<+ jgk gS ijUrq blds mRiknu esa “kkfey ekuoksa dh la[;k ?kVrh tk jgh gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd dkjksckj dh rqyuk esa fu;ksftr ekuo cy dh la[;k Rofjr xfr ls ?kV jgh gSA
bl i= esa Ikz;qDr “kCnksa ^^ekuork**] ^^euq’;**] ^^os** vkSj ^^mudks** dk iz;ksx iq:’k rFkk L=h nksuksa gh fyaxksa ds fy;s fd;k x;k gS] vkSj bldk vk”k; fdlh Hkh fyax ds izfr fujknj izdV djuk ugha gSA
,d fefy;u ;wjks okf’kZd dkjksckj dh rqyuk esa fu;ksftr ekuo la[;k esa fujUrj deh uhps nh xbZ rkfydk vkSj fp= ls Lor% Li’V gksrh gSA gekjh bl dkYifud dEiuh esa fiNys ipkl o’kZ dh vof/k esa ;g vuqikr 20-5 fu;ksftr O;fDr izfr fefy;u ;wjks dkjksckj ls fxjdj ek= 1 O;fDr izfr fefy;u ;wjks dkjksckj rd lhfer gks x;k gSA
Rkfydk 1
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izfro"kZ fu;ksftr ekuo la[;k izfr fefy;u ;wjks dkjksckj ij |
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izfro"kZ dkjksckj esa 3 izfr'kr okf"kZd o`f) nj vkSj fu;kstu esa 3 izfr'kr izfro"kZ gzkl nj ij vk/kkfjr |
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o"kZ iwoZ |
fu;ksftr ekuo la[;k 3 izfr'kr dh nj ls ?kVrh gqbZ |
dkjksckj fefy;u
esa 3 izfr'kr o`f)
nj ls |
fu;ksftr ekuo
la[;k izfr
fefy;u ;wjks |
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o"kZ iwoZ |
fu;ksftr ekuo la[;k 3 izfr'kr dh nj ls ?kVrh gqbZ |
dkjksckj fefy;u esa
3 izfr'kr o`f) nj ls |
fu;ksftr ekuo la[;k izfr fefy;u ;wjks |
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50 |
450 |
22 |
20-5 |
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25 |
210 |
46.1 |
4.6 |
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49 |
437 |
23 |
19-3 |
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24 |
204 |
47.4 |
4.3 |
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48 |
423 |
23 |
18-1 |
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23 |
198 |
48.9 |
4 |
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47 |
411 |
24 |
17-1 |
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22 |
192 |
50.3 |
3.8 |
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46 |
398 |
25 |
16-1 |
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21 |
186 |
51.8 |
3.6 |
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45 |
386 |
26 |
15-2 |
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20 |
180 |
53.4 |
3.4 |
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44 |
375 |
26 |
14-3 |
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19 |
175 |
55 |
3.2 |
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43 |
364 |
27 |
13-4 |
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18 |
170 |
56.7 |
3 |
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42 |
353 |
28 |
12.7 |
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17 |
165 |
58.4 |
2.8 |
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41 |
342 |
29 |
11.9 |
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16 |
160 |
60.1 |
2.7 |
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40 |
332 |
30 |
11.2 |
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15 |
155 |
61.9 |
2.5 |
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39 |
322 |
30 |
10.6 |
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14 |
150 |
63.8 |
2.4 |
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38 |
312 |
31 |
10.0 |
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13 |
146 |
65.7 |
2.2 |
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37 |
303 |
32 |
9.4 |
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12 |
141 |
67.6 |
2.1 |
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36 |
294 |
33 |
8.8 |
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11 |
137 |
69.7 |
2 |
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35 |
285 |
34 |
8.3 |
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10 |
133 |
71.8 |
1.9 |
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34 |
276 |
35 |
7.8 |
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9 |
129 |
73.9 |
1.7 |
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33 |
268 |
36 |
7.4 |
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8 |
125 |
76.1 |
1.6 |
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32 |
260 |
37 |
6.9 |
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7 |
121 |
78.4 |
1.5 |
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31 |
252 |
39 |
6.5 |
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6 |
118 |
80.8 |
1.5 |
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30 |
245 |
40 |
6.2 |
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5 |
114 |
83.2 |
1.4 |
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29 |
237 |
41 |
5.8 |
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4 |
111 |
85.7 |
1.3 |
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28 |
230 |
42 |
5.1 |
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3 |
108 |
88.3 |
1.2 |
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27 |
223 |
43 |
4.8 |
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2 |
104 |
90.9 |
1.1 |
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26 |
217 |
45 |
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1 |
101 |
93.6 |
1.1 |
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ekStwnk o"kZ |
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98 |
96.4 |
1 |
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xzkQ 1
Ok’kZiwoZ 50 40 30 20 10 orZeku
;g leL;k gSA ;g lek/kku gSA
;g |
mijksDr vkadM+ksa ij vk/kkfjr
;g xzkQ izfr fefy;u dkjksckj ij fu;ksftr ekuo la[;k esa gqbZ ukVdh; fxjkoV dks fn[kkrk gSA |
vk/kkj &
1- dkjksckj esa 3 izfr”kr okf’kZd o`f)
2- ekuo fu;kstu esa 3 izfr”kr okf’kZd deh |
gekjh bl dkYifud dEiuh esa ipkl o’kZ iwoZ 20-5 O;fDr izfr fefy;u ;wjks dkjksckj ds vuqikr esa fu;ksftr Fks tcfd vkt ;g la[;k ek= 1 O;fDr rd fleV xbZ gSA ;s vkadM+s ek= ;g n”kkZrs gSa fd dkjksckj vkSj mRiknu esa layXu yksxksa dh la[;k ds vuqikr esa fdruh ukVdh; fxjkoV vkbZ gSA lky nj lky dkjksckj dh rqyuk esa fu;ksftr O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k fxjrh gh tk jgh gSA ;fn ge vUrjkZ’Vªh; fcjknjh ds :Ik esa bls fu;af=r ugha dj ik;s rks vxys lky vkSj Hkh de yksxksa dh vko”;drk dke ds fy;s gksxh vkSj lky nj lky ;g la[;k de gh gksrh tk;sxhA ;fn ge bl vkfFkZd lPpkbZ ls eqWag eksMrs gSa rks ;g gekjh uknkuh gh gksxhA ;g e”khuksa ds ekuo dk LFkku ysus dh izfØ;k dks fujUrj cuk;s j[kus dh vko”;drk gksrh tk jgh gS ftlls ge csjkstxkjh ds vFkkg Hkaoj dk fuekZ.k dj jgs gSa vkSj xykdkV izfrLi)kZ dks c<+krs gh tk jgs gSaA
D;ksfd oSf”od vFkZO;oLFkk dk mn~Hko gh vfu;af=r jhfr ls gqvk gS vf/kdka”k ljdkjsa] ea=ky; rFkk dEifu;ksa ds funs”kd fo”o cktkj dks ,d ladqfpr nk;jk eku jgs gSa] ftlls gesa ikj ikuk gSA iw.kZ jkstxkj] lg;ksx rFkk le`f) dks lqfuf”pr djrs gq, bl cktkj dk foLrkj laHko gSA dksbZ Hkh O;fDr] dEiuh ;k jk’Vª rc rd vkfFkZd :Ik ls lqjf{kr ugha gks ldrk tc rd fd fd vFkZO;oLFkk ds fu;a=d derj fu;kstu ds fy;s ck/; gSa vkSj ,sls HkkSxksfyd {ks=ksa dh vksj :[k dj jgs gsa tgkWa dh Je “kfDr ds ikl vius vfLrRo ds fy;s ukeek= dh etnwjh ij dke djus ds flok vkSj dksbZ fodYi ugha gSA gekjh bl oSf”od vFkZO;oLFkk ladV dk funku fu;kstu esa deh ds nkSj dks fujUrj j[kus vkSj U;wure ekuo Je ykxr ds mik; fodflr djuk fcYdqy gh ugha gSA vUrjkZ’Vªh; Lrj ij laxBuksa ds vHkko ds dkj.k vkt ds izca/kd fo”o ds lokZf/kd oafpr vkSj foiUu yksxksa dk “kks’k.k djus ds fy;s ck/; gSaA izLrkfor gy bl ckr dks lqfuf”pr djsaxs fd bl izdkj ds “kks’k.k dk vUr gksA
gekjh ckSf)drk vkSj dYiuk”khyrk gesa cM+s iSekus ij mRiknu ds fy;s vlk/kkj.k mik;ksa vkSj rjhdksa ds fy;s l{ke cukrh gSA vc gekjs ikl esa ,d ,slk izLrko gS tks fd lS)kfUrd rkSj ij ljy gS vkSj bl ckr dks lqfuf”pr djrk gS fd izR;sd O;fDr] dEiuh vkSj ljdkjksa dks Lopkyu izfØ;k ls vf/kdre ykHk feysA
leL;k dk lek/kku
pwWafd csjkstxkjh dh leL;k dkjksckj dh rqyuk esa fu;ksftr ekuo la[;k esa deh ls fuiVus esa ekuork dh v{kerk ds dkj.k gh mRiUu gqbZ gS vr% bldk gy Hkh bl ckr esa fufgr gS fd fo”o ds yksx laxfBr gksdj bl ?kVrs vuqikr dks vkxs c<+k ldsaA gesa oS”fod ekuo lalk/ku dks fujUrj ladqfpr gksus ls cpkuk gksxk vkSj blds fy;s vuUr :Ik ls ;g csgrj gksxk fd bl fxjrs gq, nj dks iqu% vkxs c<+k ldsaA
tSls gh ge bl nLrkost ds vuq:Ik ;g dj ik;saxs iw.kZ jkstxkj dh fLFkfr cgqr de gh le; esa ,d okLrfodrk gksxhA ,slk ekuuk rdZlaxr gksxk fd csjkstxkjh dh leL; ds gy dks ysdj dksbZ Hkh leL;k dqN u dqN eqlhcrsa vo”; gh [kM+h djsaxh] ijUrq ;g /kkj.kk gh fuewZy gSA ;fn ge izLrkfor gy dk fo”ys’k.k djsa rks ;g Li’V ifjyf{kr gksrk gS fd leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy;s gekjs ikl rhu gy gSa tks fd ljljh rkSj ij ns[kus esa dfBu yxrs gSa ijUrq leh{kk ds ckn O;fDr] dEifu;ksa rFkk fo”o dh ljdkjksa dks muls gksus okys Qk;ns vkSj Hkh Li’V gksrs gSaA nwljs “kCnksa esa] fcuk fdlh rjg dh vU; eqlhcr dks [kM+h fd;s Hkh iw.kZ jkstxkj dk l`tu laHko gSA
dkjksckj vkSj Jefu;kstu esa vuqikr dk fu;a=.k vko”;d gS vkSj ;g fu;a=.k fo”o dh ljdkjksa }kjk ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg;s rFkk bls fo”o “kkafr vkSj le`f) gsrq O;kid ;kstuk esa “kkfey djuk pkfg,A ;g le>kSrk lHkh ij dkuwuh :Ik esa ck/;dkjh gksxk vkSj bls dEiuh dkuwu ds vUrxZr ykxw fd;k tk;A bls fcuk fdlh O;o/kku ;k iz”kklfud tfVyrk ds ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksfd bls lqpk: :Ik ls pykus ds fy;s okafNr lwpuk;sa iwoZ esa gh fu;ksDrkvksa }kjk izkf/kdkjksa dks VSDl fu/kkZj.k gsrq miyC/k djkbZ tkrh jgh gSaA
bl ;kstuk ds vUrxr iw.kZ jkstxkj izkIr djus ds izFke pj.k ds :Ik esa fo”o Hkj esa fofHkUu izdkj ds m|ksaxksa ;Fkk Hkou fuek.kZ] CkSafdax] dkj vlsEcyh vkSj lHkh vU; izdkj ds m|ksxksa esa fu;ksftr yksxksa dh la[;k dh x.kuk djuh gksxhA blds lkFk gh lHkh izdkj ds m|ksxksa ds ldy okf’kZd dkjksckj dks Hkh fu/kkZfjr djuk gksxkA rkfydk 1 esa fn;s x;s iwoksZDr mnkgj.k ds vuqlkj orZeku o’kZ esa izfr 96-4 fefy;u ;wjks ds lkykuk dkjksckj esa 98 O;fDr fu;ksftr gSaA 98 ds bls vkadM+s dks “kq:vkr eku dj vuqikr ds mPp ekud gsrq u;s y{; r; fd;s tkus pkfg;s A fo”ks’k m|ksx lewgksa ds fy;s bu U;wure jkstxkj vuqikr vadksa dk fu/kkZj.k vUrjkZ’Vªh; lgefr ds vk/kkj ij dh tkuh pkfg;sA fLFkfr;ksa ds vuq:Ik fdlh fo”ks’k jk’Vª vFkok dEiuh Lrj ij dqN dBksj fu.kZ;ksa dh Hkh vko”;drk gks ldrh gSA
tc ;s le>kSrs iwjs gks tk;sa] rc ge fof”k’V m|ksxksa ds fy;s U;wure jkstxkj vuqikr vadksa dk fu/kkZj.k dj ikus esa l{ke gksaxs] mnkgj.kLo:Ik ;fn dkj fuekZ.k m|ksx esa izfr 96-4 fefy;u ;wjks okf’kZd dkjksckj ij 100 O;fDr;ksa dks fu;ksftr j[kus ij lgefr gksrh gS rks ;g ml m|ksx ds fy;s U;wure jkstxkj vuqikr vad fu/kkZfjr gqvkA bl fu/kkZj.k ds mijkUr fo”o Hkj es izR;sd dkj fuekZ.k la;a= dks izfr 96-4 fefy;u okf’kZd dkjksckj ij 100 O;fDr;ksa dks fu;ksftr djuk gh gksxkA blh vk/kkj ij lHkh m|ksx rFkk O;olkf;d xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy;s U;wure jkstxkj vuqikr vad fu/kkZfjr fd;s tk;saxsA
lHkh rjg ds m|ksxksa esa bu U;wure jkstxkj vuqikr vadksa esa yxHkx 2 izfr”kr dh okf’kZd o`f) dh tk;sxh tc rd fd ml fof”k’V m|ksx ls csjkstxkjh dk lewy vUr u gks tk;sA bl u;s le>kSrs dks ykxw djuk fo”oHkj esa iw.kZ jkstxkj dh xkjaVh gSA blls ,d vHkwriwoZ ^^Qhy xqM** ;k vkRerks’k dh Hkkouk mRiUu gksxh tks ekuo esa ;Fkksfpr vk”kk ,oa fo”okl dk l`tu djsxhA fo”o fcjknjh ds :Ik esa geesa mRiknu dks vkSj Hkh vf/kd c<+kus dh {kerk gSA vk/ks ls Hkh vf/kd ukxfjd 3 Mkyj izfrnu ls Hkh de esa xqtkjk dj jgs gSa vkSj os vius fy;s Ik;kZIr Hkkstu ;k nok Hkh ugha [kjhn ikrs gSa tks fd muds thou ds fy;s furkar vko”;d gSA blds dkj.k vjcksa oLrqvksa dks mRiknu gh ugha gks ikrkA bldk dkj.k ;g ugha gS fd budh vko”;drk ugha gS cfYd bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd xjhc bu oLrqvksa dks [kjhn ikus esa l{ke ugha gSaA rhu MkWyj izfrfnu vk; ls vf/kd oLrq,Wa [kjhnh Hkh ugha tk ldrh gSaA ysfdu tSls gh csjkstxkj dke djuk “kq: djsaxs os vf/kd ls vf/kd mu oLrqvksa dh [kjhn djsaxs tks fd muds xfjeke; thou ds fy;s vko”;d gSaA bl rjg ls os fo”o vFkZO;oLFkk esa cstksM+ mNky yk;saxs tks fd iqu% vfrfjDr l`tu dk ek/;e gksxkA
vUrjkZ’Vªh; le>kSrksa ls jkstxkj esa izfr 2 izfr”kr o`f) ls ge eksVs rkSj ij vuqeku dj ldrs gSa fd fo”o vFkZO;oLFkk esa rsth ds dkj.k 2 izfr”kr vfrfjDr jkstxkj dk Hkh l`tu gksxkA ;fn bu nksuksa dkjdksa dks feyk fn;k tk; rks jkstxkj esa izR;sd o’kZ de ls de 4 izfr”kr dh o`f) gksrh gSA bldk gy ek= **Qhy xqM** ij vk/kkfjr ugha gS vfirq ;g bl izfØ;k dks rhoz djus dk ek/;e ek= gksxkA 6 o’kZ dh vof/k ds jkstxkj esa 4 izfr”kr dh okf’kZd o`f) ls dqy 26-5 izfr”kr jkstxkj esa o`f) gksxh tSlk fd rkfyd 2 ls Hkh Li’V gSA vxys 8 o’kksZa esa 5 izfr”kr dh nj ls lafpr okf’kZd nj ds dkj.k dk;Z”khy tula[;k esa 47-7 izfr”kr rd dh o`f) gksxhA
rkfydk 2
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6 o"kksZa esa iw.kZ fu;kstu dh fLFkfr |
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mngkj.k & ,d uxj dk] tgkWa ,d yk[k O;fDr orZeku esa fu;ksftr gSaA |
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fu;ksftr O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k |
izfr'kr o`f) |
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le>kSSrs ls iwoZ |
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100000 |
'kwU; |
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o"kZ 1 |
+ 4% = |
104000 |
4.0% |
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o"kZ 2 |
+ 4% = |
108160 |
8.2% |
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o"kZ 3 |
+ 4% = |
112486 |
12.5% |
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o"kZ 4 |
+ 4% = |
116986 |
17.0% |
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o"kZ 5 |
+ 4% = |
121665 |
21.7% |
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o"kZ 6 |
+ 4% = |
126532 |
26.5% |
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6 o"kZ dh vof/k esa jkstxkj esa o`f) 4 izfr'kr okf"kZd o`f) dh nj ls |
26.5% |
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8 o"kZ dh vof/k esa jkstxkj esa o`f) 4 izfr'kr okf"kZd o`f) dh nj ls |
47.7% |
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;s vkadM+s Lo;a gh iwjh fLFkfr dks ifjHkkf’kr djrs gSaA ^^Qhy xqM** dkjd ds izHkko ls tks fd 3 ls 4 izfr”kr rd gks ldrk gS] iw.kZ jkstxkj dks izkIr djus esa yxHkx 6 o’kZ yx tk;saxsA lcls igys ge bl fn”kk esa igyh ck/kk dks ns[ksa & vfrfjDr yksxksa dks fu;kstu nsus dh ykxrA dk;Z”khy tula[;k esa 2 izfr”kr dh vfuok;Z o`f) dk]s dj dh njksa esa iqu% lalks/ku dj] dqy ykxr ls de esa gh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA fo”o Hkj esa izk;% lHkh dEifu;kWa vkSj vU; fu;ksDrk vius ;gkWa fu;ksftr izR;sd O;fDr ds fy;s mudh vk; ds vk/kkj ij ljdkj dks dj dk Hkqxrku djrs gSaA bl dj dh njsa fofHkUu jk’Vªksa esa vyx&vyx gSa vkSj izk;% 5 ls 15 izfr”kr dh lhekjs[kk esa gSaA dgha ij ;g dj vFkok lkekftd chek ds :Ik esa vkSj dgha ij bls ^^fu;kstu dj** ds :Ik esa ifjHkkf’kr fd;k tkrk gSA
vkb;s le>rs gSa fd fdl izdkj dqy dk;Z”khy cy esa 2 izfr”kr dh o`f) ls iwoZ dh vis{kk ykxr dks Hkh de fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds :Ik esa ge ,d ,sls jk’Vª dks ysrs gSa tgkWa ij ^^fu;kstu dj** 13 izfr”kr gSA bldk lh/kk lk vFkZ gS fd vf/kd la[;k esa fu;kstu ls iwoZ esa 13 izfr”kr dh nj ls vkus okyh ykxr ls Hkh vf/kd ykxr vk;sxhA ;gkWa lq>ko ;g gS fd djksa esa deh 2 izfr”kr ugha dj ds 2 izfr”kr vadksa esa dj 11 izfr”kr fd;k tk; ¼tks fd vis{kkd`r vf/kd gSa½ bl izdkj 2 izfr”kr dk;Z ny ds vfrfjDr fu;kstu ls ykxr esa deh vk;sxhA dk;Zcy esa o`f) ls dqy ykxr Hkh 2 izfr”kr c<+ tk;sxh vkSj ,slh fLFkfr esa fu;kstu esa 2 izfr”kr dh o`) vkSj djksa esa 2 izfr”kr dh deh dk ykxr esa dksbZ QdZ ugha iM+sxkA bl fLFkfr esa djksa esa NwV dk iqu% fu/kkZj.k bl izdkj djuk gksxk fd dEifu;ksa dks vf/kd la[;k esa yksxksa dks fu;ksftr djus ds ckn Hkh mudh okLrfod ykxr iwoZ dh vis{kk de gh gksA bls dqy njksa esa tc rd vko”;d gks izfro’kZ 2-2 izfr”kr vad de djds y{; dks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
rkfydk 3 esa ;g bl /kkj.kk dks vkSj Hkh Li’V fd;k tk jgk gSA eku ysrs gSa fd ljdkj dh dj dh njsa 13 izfr”kr gSa vkSj ge vxys 6 o’kksZa ds fy;s blesa izfro’kZ 2-2 izfr”kr vad dh dVkSrh djus ds fy;s lger gSa vkSj lkFk gh U;wure jkstxkj vuqikr vad esa Hkh 2 izfr”kr dh o`f) dj jgs gSaA ;fn bl fo”ks’k jk’Vª esa fu;kstu dj dh njsa igys ls gh de gSa ¼;Fkk 6 izfr”kr½ rks tSls gh ;g la[;k _.kkRed gks tkrh gS dEifu;kWa dj pqdkus ds ctk; jkT; vFkok fdlh vUrjkZ’Vªh; dks’k ls {kfriwfrZ jkf”k olwy ik;saxh rkfd os bl ykxr esa deh dk ykHk mBk ldsaA bl rjg dk le>kSrk ;g r; djsxk fd dqy fu;kstu dh ykxr esa deh ykbZ tk lds tSlk fd uhps dh rkfydk 3 esa n”kkZ;k x;k gSA
Rkkfydk 3
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o"kksZa esa iw.kZ fu;kstu dh fLFkfr |
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mngkj.k & ,d dEiuh] ftldk okf’kZd etnwjh ykxr 1000000 ;wjks gSA |
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o`f) dh nj |
fu;kstu dh “kq) ykxr |
izfr'kr vad esa deh |
dj dh njsa |
Hkqxrku fd;k x;k dj |
fu;kstu dh dqy ykxr |
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A |
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B |
A + B |
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le>kSSrs |
ls iwoZ |
1000000 |
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13.0% |
130000 |
1130000 |
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o"kZ 1 |
+ 2% = |
1020000 |
2.2 = |
10.8% |
1110160 |
1130160 |
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o"kZ 2 |
+ 2% = |
1040400 |
2.2 = |
8.6% |
89474 |
1129874 |
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o"kZ 3 |
+ 2% = |
1061208 |
2.2 = |
6.4% |
67917 |
1129125 |
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o"kZ 4 |
+ 2% = |
1082432 |
2.2 = |
4.2% |
45462 |
1127894 |
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o"kZ 5 |
+ 2% = |
1104081 |
2.2 = |
2.0% |
22082 |
1126162 |
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o"kZ 6 |
+ 2% = |
1126162 |
2.2 = |
-0.2% |
(-2252) |
1123910 |
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le>kSrs ls iwwoZ fu;kstu dh dqy |
Ykxr |
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113000 |
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6 o"kZ mijkUr fu;kstu dh dqy |
Ykxr |
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112390 |
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dqy cpr |
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6090 |
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NBs o’kZ esa 6090 ;wjks dh cpr 1 izfr”kr esa vk/ks dh deh ds cjkcj gSA ;g rkfydk Li’V djrh gS fd fd le; ds lkFk gh dk;Zcy fu;kstu dh dqy ykxr esa deh vkrh tk jgh gSA ;g deh u dsoy vkfFkZd :Ik ls ykHkdkjh gS vfirq euksoSKkfud :Ik ls bldk vkSj Hkh fo”ks’k egRo gSA
vHkh rd tks Hkh mnkgj.k fy;s x;s gSa oks cM+s m|ksxksa ls lacaf/r gSa ijUrq y?kq bdkbZ m|ksxksa ;Fkk [ksrh] nqdku] xSjst vkfn esa Hkh bl O;oLFkk dks ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA gjsd O;olk; dk viuk U;wure jkstxkj vuqikr vad gksxk tks fd ml O;olk; esa ekuoJe dh l?kurk] ykHk rFkk vU; dkjdksa ds vk/kkj ij fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh Hkh NksVs O;olk; es yxs O;fDr dks ftldk dkjksckj ,d fuf”pr lhek ¼;gkWa eku ysrs gSa 400000 ;wjks½ dks ikj dj x;k gS rks izR;sd vfrfjDr dkjksckj ¼mnkgj.kr% izR;sd 200000 ;wjks½ ij fu;ksDrk dks ,d vfrfjDr O;fDr dk fu;kstu djuk vfuok;Z gksxkA bl le>kSrs esa vksojVkbZe vkSj va”kdkfyd dke djus dh xqatkbZ”k Hkh j[kuh gksxhA
vc nwljh dfBukbZ ij vkrs gSaA ;fn fdlh dEiuh dks vius dkjksckj esa mRiknu ds fy;s ek= 100 O;fDr;ksaa dh vko”;drk gS rks vfrfjDr yksx ftUgsa ogkWa fu;ksftr fd;k x;k gS os dkSu lk dke djsaxs\ bldk mRrj ;g gS fd U;wure jkstxkj vuqikr vad esa izR;sd 2 izfr”kr dh o`f) ds lkFk gh lekuqikfrd :Ik ls dk;Z vof/k esa 2 izfr”kr dh deh dh tk;sxhA bldk vFkZ ;g gksxk fd izR;sd dk;ZLFky ij] gjsd QSDVjh] vkWfQl rFkk nqdku esa dke ds ?kaVksa esa deh ugha gksxh] vUrj ek= ;g gksxk fd vf/kd yksx de ?kaVksa ds fy;s dke djsaxs vkSj mudks osru Hkh iwoZor feysxk ysfdu fu;kstdksa dks dqy ykxr igys ls dqN de gh vk;sxhA rkfydk 4 esa bl ckr dks Li’V fd;k x;k gS fd fdl izdkj bl fLFkfr esa Hkh dke ds ?kaVksa dh la[;k esa dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu ugha gksxkA
rkfydk 4
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dke ds ?kaVksa dh la[;k iwoZor jgsxh |
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vf/kd yksx dke djsaxs ijUrq dke dk lIrkg NksVk gksxk |
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dke dj jgs yksxksa dh la[;k |
izfr lIrkg dke ds ?kaVs |
dqy ekuo ?kaVs |
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le>kSSrs ds le; |
100X $ 2% = |
39- 2% = |
= 3900 |
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100 |
39 |
3900 |
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o"kZ 1 |
102 |
38.24 |
3900 |
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o"kZ 2 |
104.04 |
37.49 |
3900 |
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o"kZ 3 |
106.12 |
36.75 |
3900 |
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o"kZ 4 |
108.24 |
36.03 |
3900 |
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o"kZ 5 |
110.41 |
35.32 |
3900 |
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o"kZ 6 |
112.62 |
34.63 |
3900 |
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okLrfod deh dh nj 2 izfr'kr ugha gS oLrqr% ;g 1-96 izfr'kr gS |
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tSlk fd bl rkfydk ls Li’V gksrk gS fd ek= Ng o’kZ dh vof/k esa izfr lIrkg dke ds ?kaVksa dksa 39 ?kaVs ls de djs 34-63 ?kaVs fd;k tk ldrk gS ;g vk/ks fnu ls Hkh vf/kd dh deh ds cjkcj gSA vkt tgkWa ,d vksj ekuo csjkstxkj gSa ogha nwljh vksj dbZ ,sls Hkh gSa ftUgsa yEcs le; ds fy;s dke djuk iM+rk gSA nksuksa gh n”kk;sa vlarks’ktud gSaA D;k ;g csgrj ugha gksxk fd dke esa yxs lHkh yksxksa dks de ?kaVs dke djuk iM+s\
ge vfrfjDr ekuo fu;kstu ds ykxr ls lacaf/kr igyh dfBukbZ ls ikj ik pqds gSa vkSj nwljh dfBukbZ ls Hkh fd buds fy;s dke dSls [kkstk tk;A vc gesa rhljh vkSj vafre dfBukbZ ij dke djuk gS & fu;kstu dj esa Øec) deh ds dkj.k jkT; dks gksus okys jktLo esa izR;{k dehA bl deh dks dbZ Åik;ksa dks viukdj iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA jkT; csjkstxkjh HkRrksa ij [kpZ gksus okyh fo”kky jkf”k dks cpkdj oLrqr% ,sls csjkstxkjksa dks fu;kstu nsdj vk;dj] lkekftd chek rFkk vU; djksa ls vfrfjDr jktLo Hkh izkIr dj ldrh gSaA izk;% bu lHkh njksa ls gksus okyh vk; & [kpksZa esa o`f)] vf/kd equkQs rFkk vU; dkjdksa ds la;qDr izHkko ls cgqr gh vf/kd gksxhA blds vfrfjDr LokLF; lsok;sa] vkokl vkfn fofHkUu lkekftd lqj{kk ;kstukvksa ij gksus okys O;; esa Hkh deh vk,xhA tc lHkh yksx dke djsaxs rks vijk/k] u”kk[kksjh vkfn lkekftd leL;kvksa Hkh cgqr de jg tk;saxhA ;s lHkh rRo dqy feydj jkT; dks fu;kstu dj esa deh ls gksus okys ?kkVs ls dgha vf/kd dh HkjikbZ djsaxsA
mijksDr vkadM+ksa ls fufoZokn :Ik ls dgk tk ldrk gS fd fo”o Hkj esa iw.kZ jkstxkj dks Ng o’kZ dh vof/k ds vUnj gh izkIr fd;k tk ldrs gS ftlls iwjh nqfu;k dh ljdkjsa ] dEifu;kWa vkSj O;fDr ykHkkfUor gksaxsA ;g izLrko iw.kZ jkstxkj dks izkIr djus dk ,d jkLrk gSA bls vU; fof/k;ksa ls Hkh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS tSls fu;kstu dj esa deh fd;s fcuk jkstxkj ykxr esa 2 izfr”kr dh c<+ksrjh dk cks> miHkksDrkvksa ij Mky nsukA blds dkj.k eqnzkfLQfr dk izHkko 1 izfr”kr ls Hkh de gksxk ¼D;ksafd Je dqy mRiknu dk ,d va”kek= gS½ vkSj ;g iw.kZ jkstxkj izkIr djus ds fy;s ,d ekewyh lh dher gksxh!
izR;sd O;fDr ds fy;s dke miyC/k djkuk vkSj og Hkh bl jhfr ls fd lHkh ykHkizn :Ik ls fu;ksftr gksdj gekjh vko”;drk ds vuq:Ik oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk mRiknu djsa blds fufgrkFkZ gekjh dYiuk ls Hkh ijs gSaA ;g fo”o esa vfrfu/kZurk vkSj vkS|ksfxd “kks’k.k dh fLFkfr dks lekIr dj ,slh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k djus esa l{ke gS ftlls fu;kstd vkSj fu;ksDrk leku :Ik ls ykHkkfUor gksaxsA ;g dk;Z ifjos”k esa lgefr yk,xh vkSj jk’Vªksa esa ln~Hkkouk fodflr djsxhA lkjka”k ;g fd blls ekuotkfr dk vfoHkkZo gksxk!
dqN vU; oSf”od leL;k,Wa
csjkstxkjh ds vykok gekjs ikl vU; Hkh ,slh leL;k;sa gSa fo”ks’kr% xjhch] tks fd bl /kjrh ds yksxksa dks uhpk fn[kkrh gSaA gekjh dqy tula[;k dk yxHkx 10 izfr”kr yksx ?kksj xjhch esa thou fuoZgu dj jgs gSaA bu 630000000 yksxksa esa tkudkjksa ds vuqlkj 2 izfr”kr yksx tks fd yxHkx 1-26 djksM gksrs gSa izR;sd o’kZ xjhch ds dkj.k mRiUu chekfj;ksa ls vle; gh dky&dofyr gkss tkrs gSaA gekjh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk bUgsa ekj Mkyrh gSA izfro’kZ ;g nksuksa fo”o;q)ksa esa lkewfgd :Ik ls ekjs x;s yksxksa dh la[;k ls Hkh vf/kd yksxksa dks ekj nsrh gSA bl leL;k dh ohfHk’kdk dk Lrj ,slk gh gSA izfrfnu 34000 O;fDr] izfr?kaVs 1400 O;fDr vkSj izfr 3 lsdsaM esa 1 O;fDr gekjh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dk f”kdkj gksdj e`R;q dks izkIr gks jgk gSA bl foHkhf’kdk dks jksduk gh gksxkA bldk ,d lek/kku gS vkSj gesa mlij vo”; gh vey djuk pkfg;s A ge izfro’kZ 1-26 djksM+ yksxksa dks izfro’kZ ;wWa gh ejus ds fy;s ugha NksM+ ldrs gSaA xjhch ds lkFk lkFk gekjs ikl vdwr lEink Hkh gSA fo”o ds 100 lcls /kuh O;fDr mruk gh dekrs gSa ftruk fd nks vjc yksx] tks fd fo”o dh dqy tula[;k dk yxHkx ,d frgkbZ gSA voljksa es bl vlekurk ds dkj.k grk”kk vkSj {kksHk O;kIr gksrk gS ftldh ifj.kfr vkradokn vkSj ;q) tSlh ?kVuk;sa gksrh gSA
gekjs ikl vkf.od vL= gSa vkSj ge bldk mi;ksx djus esa l{ke Hkh gSaA ;s vL= iwjh i`Foh dks lekIr djus dh {kerk j[krs gSaA gekjs ikl Ik;kZIr ek=k esa jklk;fud] tSfod vkSj ijEijkxr gfFk;kj gSa ftuls ge vius nfl;ks yk[k HkkbZ;ksa vkSj cguksa dks ekj ldrs gSaA vf/kdka”k tks vkt bl /kjrh ij ?kfVr gks jgk gS og vR;Ur fouk”kdkjh] mis{kkiw.kZ vkSj cgqr gh ?kkrd gSA g u dsoy ekuo lekt ds fy;s cfYd iwjh i`Foh ds fy;s ?kkrd gSA ekuo ftu mis{kkvksa vkSj dfBukbZ;ksa ls xqtj jgk gS mldh lwph cgqr gh yEch gS vkSj mudk lek/kku Hkh mruk gh tfVy gSA ;fn bl lwph dks laf{kIr Hkh fd;k tk; rks Hkh fuEufyf[r leL;k,W cuh jgrh gSa &
· vfr fu/kZurk
· csjkstxkjh
· ;q)
· vkradokn
· ekuogR;k
· “kj.kkFkhZ
· vdky
· chekfj;kWa ------ fo”ks’kr% ,M~Lk
· cky etnwjh vkSj cky os”;ko`fRr
· vkf.od ce
· ?kkrd vkf.od la;a=
· vuqfpr O;kikj
· dtZ dh vf/kdrk
· u”ks dk O;kikj
· vjktdrk
· vf”k{kk
· oSf”od rkieku esa o`f)
· iznw’k.k
· vkstksu ijr esa Nsn
· Hkwfe {kj.k
· okLro esa] ;g lwph vkxs gh vkxs c<+rh tkrh gS ---
gekjh jktuSfrd O;oLFkk bu leL;kvksa ds funku esa v{ke gSaA dEifu;kWa vkSj Hkh cM+h] /kuoku vkSj rkdroj gksrh tk jgh gSaA buesa ls dbZ;ksa dk dkjksckj rks dqN jk’Vªksa ds okf’kZd ctV ls Hkh dgha vf/kd gS vkSj blfy;s vUrjkZ’Vªh; eqn~nksa ij budk izHkko uqdlkunsg gks ldrk gSA dbZ egRoiw.kZ vUrjkZ’Vªh; fu.kZ; jktusrkx.k vke fgrksa dh rqyuk esa dkjiksjsV txr ds fgrksa ls vf/kd izHkkfor gksdj ysdj fy;k djrs gSaA /kuh vkSj rkdroj yksx gh ns”k dk HkkX; fu/kkZj.k djrs gSa vkSj /kuh vkSj rkdroj jk’Vª iwjs fo”o ds HkkX; dkA
blesa lcls cM+h leL;k ;g gS fd gekjh i`Foh ds ikl ljdkj dk dksbZ Hkh mfpr Lo:Ik ugha gS D;ksafd fo”o ij “kklu dk fdlh dks Hkh tukns”k ugha feyk gqvk gSA fo”o ds lHkh jk’Vªifr vkSj iz/kkueaf=;ksa dks ek= vius ns”k dh ns[kHkky dk gh tukns”k feyk gSA ;gh mudk nkf;Ro gS vkSj os lHkh ,slk gh djrs gSa] ijUrq bl xzg ds ckjs esa dksbZ Hkh ugha lksprkA bldk nkf;Ro fdlh dks Hkh ugha feyk gSA ;g fuHkZj djrk gS vkSj bls fuHkZj Hkh gksuk pkfg;s iwjh nqfu;k ds yksxksa ds gkFk esa! tc ge bl nkf;Ro dks ysaxss] rc gekjs ikl ,d ljdkj gksxhA dbZ lkyksa ls bl nqfu;k ds yksx bl vksj /kheh xfr ls vkxs c<+ jgs gSaA ge vc csgrj fLFkfr esa gSa vkSj nkf;Roksa ds fuoZgu ds fy;s rS;kj gSa vkSj tc ge ,slk djsaxs rks miksDr leL;kvksa dk lek/kku gksxk vkSj ekuo tkfr le`f) dh vuNqbZ ÅWapkbZ;ksa dks Nwus dh vksj vxzlj gksxhA
ekuork fodflr gks jgh gS
ge jktuSfrd] yksdrkafr=d vkSj lkeftd rkSj ij gj izdkj ls fodflr gks jgs gSaA ge xqQk ekuo ds vfLrRo ls fudy dj ,sls NksVs lewgksa esa vk;s tgkW yksx lkFk jgrs Fks vkSj vU; lewgksa dk Hkh [;ky j[krs FksA ;s lkeftd lewg vkSj muds {ks= mRjksÙkj fo”kky gksrs x;sA os fcjknjh ;k dchyksa esa vkSj vUrra% jk’Vª ds :Ik esa jgus yxsA bu lHkh fodkl ds e/; gekjh ekufldrk Fkh fd ge vPNs gSa! ge viuh j{kk djsaxs! vkSj ,d nwljs dh ns[kHkky djsaxs!! ijUrq ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tgkWa fd os “k=qvksa ls f?ksjs gq, Fks tks mUgsa ekjus dks rRij Fks] muds le>k vkRej{kk ds fy;s nwljksa dks ekjus ds flok vkSj dksbZ fodYi ugha FkkA iz”u ekjus ;k ekjs tkus dk FkkA
ekuork dk bfrgkl bu lewgksa ds la?k’kZ] gR;kvksa vkSj cM+s lewgksa ds :Ik esa fodflr gksus dk gS tgkWa ;s lewg vkil esa rks dqN gn rd ln~~Hkko ls jgrs Fks ijUrq vU; lewgksa& “k=qvksa ds lkFk ;q)jr jgsA fo+}kuksa vkSj vk/;kfRed iz.ksrkvksa us ges”kk iz;kl fd;k fd ekuo vius O;ogkj esa vUrj yk, vkSj lHkh yksxksa dks HkkbZ cguksa ds :Ik esa ns[ka rkfd lHkh yksx “kkfUr ls jg ik;saA mudh lsuk;sa fo”kky gksrh xbZa vkSj ;q) Hkh fodjky vkSj fo/oaldkjh gksrs x;sA 20oha lnh esa gqbZ nks fooknksa dk Lo:Ik fo”oLrj dk fo/oladkjh FkkA gekjs lewg brus cM+s gks pqds gSa fd vc gekjs “k=q de gksrs tk jgs gSa vkSj gekjs ijek.kq ce brus fo/oaldkjh gks pqds gSa fd ;s u dsoy gekjs “k=qvksa dk cfYd budk mi;ksx djus okykssa dk Hkh fouk”k dj ldrs gSaA bu gR;kvksa ls ge D;k gkfly dj ik;s gSa\ lans”k fcYdqy gh Li’V gS & ge lHkh HkkbZ&cgu gSa! vkSj “kkfUr ls jgus esa gh le>nkjh gS!!
gky esa vkSj fiNys lkS o’kksZ esa mYys[kuh; izxfr gqbZ gSA buesaa ls vlk/kkj.k vkSj lcls egRiw.kZ ekuotkfr esa psruk dk foLrkj gSA ;|fi rduhdh fodkl dh rjg ;g vf/kd lkdkj :Ik esa ugha fn[krk gS rFkkfi ;gh lR; gSA dYiuk djsa fd xr “krkfCn esa U;k;] yksdra= rFkk lekurk fdl rjg ls mHkj dj lkeus vkbZ gSA vkt vf/kdka”k yksx ,d nwljs dks jax] jk’Vªh;rk] tkfr vkSj uLy esa vUrj ds ckn Hkh Lohdkj djus yxs gSaA yksx Lo;a thuk vkSj nwljs dks Hkh thussssss nsuk pkgrs gSaA chloha lnh ds iwokZ)Z vkSj mlds igys ds vU; lfn;ksa ls ekufldrk esa vk;k ;g O;ogkj fu”p; gh vlk/kkj.k gSA
ge le>nkjh dh ubZ ÅWapkbZ;ksa ds Lrj ij gSaA vc ge iq:’k vkSj efgykvksa] xksjksa vkSj dkyksa ds leku vf/kdkj dks Lohdkj djrs gSa vkSj geus gjsd uLy vkSj gj O;fDr dh lekurk dk lEeku djuk lh[k fy;k gSA ge yksdra= ds u;s eqdke ij gSa tgkWa ge lHkh jk’Vªksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks Lohdkj djrs gSaA dqN gh yksx gSa tks euq’; dks Js’B vkSj fuÑ’V :Ik esa ns[krs gSa] tkfr] ns”k vkSj /keZ ds vk/kkj ij ckWaV dj ns[krs gSaA yksx vc vius dks vU; yksxksa ds leku gh ekurs gSaA ;g lekt esa dSlk vfo”oluh; ifjorZu gS\
vf/kla[; vkcknh vkt “kkfUr dh vis{kk j[krh gSA us dsoy jktuSfrd vFkZ esa cfYd ge lH; lekt esa ln~Hkkouk ds lFk jguk pkgrs gSa tgkWa yksxksa dks viuh gB/kfeZrk vkSj iwokZxzgksa ls eqDr gksus ds fy;s izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA ge ,d ,slk fo”o pkgrs gSa tgkWa fd yksx ,d nwljs dk vknj djrs gSa] tgkWa Jfed] iwwath vkSj fu;ksDrk ds chp lkSgknzZ dk okrkoj.k gksA vkt vf/kdka”k yksxs ,d ,sls fo”o esa jguk pkgrs gSa tgkWa “kkld vkSj “kkflr lHkh ds lk>k fgrksa ds fy;s lg;ksx djrs gksaA ge O;fDr fo”ks’k ds :Ik esa rks bl fLFkfr rd igqWap pqds gSa ijUrq vkt gekjs vUrjkZ’Vªh; vkSj vkfFkZd laLFkku blds fy;s vuqi;qDr gSaA ;s vHkh Hkh 19oha lnh vkSj mlls igys dh lfn;ksa dh ekufldrk ls dke dj jgs gSa tks iw.kZr% xSjlkef;d gks pqdh gS vkSj vkt ds ekun.Mksa ds vuq:Ik uSfrd :Ik ls vlgk; gSaA
;g lR; gS fd geesa dkQh fHkUurk;sa gSaA ekuo tkfr vn~Hkqr :Ik ls lH;rkvksa] jaxksa] izFkkvksa] Hkk’kkvksa vkSj ijEijkvksa dh fofo/krk ls feydj cuh gS ijUrq bl ;qx dh euksn”kk ^^fofHkUUrk esa ,drk** dh gSA tSls fdlh m|ku esaa Qwyksa dh fofo/krk ls mldh NVk gh fujkyh gks tkrh gS oSls gh ekuork dh lqUnjrk blds yksxksa dh vlk/kkj.k fofo/krk ds dkj.k vkSj Hkh iz[kj gksrh gS vkSj bl fofo/krk dks vo”; gh izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg;sA
foKku rFkk /keZ nksuks gh bl /kkj.kk dks cy nsrs gSa fd fo”o ljdkj vkus okyh gSA vkbULVhu rFkk iksi tku iky f}rh; us vUrjkZ’Vªh; O;oLFkk ij viuk er bl izdkj fn;k gS &
^^lH;rkvksa vFkok ekuotkfr ds fy;s eqfDr dk ekxZ fo”o ljdkj ds vfrfjDr dqN Hkh ugha gS**
vYcVZ vkbULVkbu
ftl izdkj dkuwu fdlh jk’Vª esa O;oLFkk lqfufpr djrh gSa mlh izdkj vUrjkZ’Vªh; leqnk; dks Hkh vUrjkZ’Vªh; lEcU/kksa dks fu;fer djus vkSj “kkfUr dk;e j[kus ds fy;s ,d fof/k&O;oLFkk dk lg;ksx djuk pkfg;sA
iksi tku ikWy f}rh;
foKku rFkk lkfgR; ls tqM+s egku ,sfrgkfld foHkwfr;ksa us gesa ,d ,ssls fo”o dh Nfo nh gS tgkWa yksx “kkfUr vkSj lkSgkZnz ls jgrs gksaaA jgL;okfn;ksa vkSj dfo;ksa us /kjrh ij “kkfUr ds ckjs esa fy[kk gS] bZ”oj ds nwrksa us ,sls le; dh Hkfo’;ok.kh dh gS ,slk le; vk;sxk tc fd ^^/kjrh ij fdlh Hkh rjg dk ;q) ugha gksxk] U;k; dk “kklu gksxk vkSj lHkh cfNZ;ksa dks ihVdj muls gy cuk;k tk;sxkA** ljljs rkSj ij Hkh fo”o ds /kkfeZd xzUFkksa vFkok ekuotkfr ds lkekftd] jktuSfrd bfrgkl dk v/;;u ;g Li’V djrk gS fd fo”o “kkfUr vkSj fo”o ljdkj fcYdqy gh vifjgk;Z gSaA
oSf”od U;k; vkSj oSf”od yksdra=
gekjk bfrgkl] tSlk fd iwoZ esa Hkh dgk x;k] thus ds la?k’kZ dh xkFkk gS vr% lkjk /;ku cM+s gksus rFkk etcwr vkSj rkdroj cuus rd gh dsfUnzr gSA mu yksxksa vkSj jk’Vªksa dh xkFkk gS ftUgksaus “kklu fd;kA ;g “kklu rkdr ij vk/kkfjr Fkk u fd U;k; ij vr% vk”p;Z ugha fd vkt Hkh lRrklacaf/kr iqjkru vo/kkj.kk fdlh u fdlh :Ik esa orZeku gSA orZeku fo”o O;oLFkk vius ekSTkwnk Lo:Ik esa bl fopkj ij vk/kkfjr gS fd “kfDr”kkyh jk’Vª gh “kklu djrs gSaA okLro esa ;s jk’Vª bl izdj ls “kklu djrs gSa fd os vius fgrksa dh j{kk dj ik;saA O;kid leqnk; ds fy;s U;k; dk blesa dksbZ eqn~nk gh ugah gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vkt fo”o ds lHkh dksus esa dbZ yksxksa ds g`n; esa vU;k; vkSj fujk”kk dk Hkko O;kIr gSA lkSHkkX; gS fd ekuork vc ,sls vUrjk’Vªh; ljdkj dh vksj vxzlj gS tks lRrk ij vk/kkfjr ugha gksdj U;k; ij vk/kkfjr gSA orZeku O;oLFkk vU;k;iw.kZ] vyksdrkaf=d vkSj fc[kjh gqbZ gSA ubZ O;oLFkk dks blds fcYdqy gh foijhr U;k;iw.kZ] yksdrkaf=rd vkSj ,drk ij vk/kkfjr gksuk gksxk] rHkh ge “kkfUr vkSj le`f) dh bl ubZ O;oLFkk dks LFkkfir dj ik;saxsA
1½ bls U;k;iw.kZ gksuk gksxk
U;k; ,drk dh iwoZfu/kkZfjr “krZ gSA U;k; ls ,drk vkSj ,drk ls “kkfUr dk ekxZ iz”kLr gksrk gSA ;fn U;k; ugha gks rks yksx blds fy;s vkils esa yM+saxs vkSj bldk urhtk ;q) gSA lHkh izdkj dh vlekurkvksa dks nwj djus dh vko”;drk gS vkSj fo”ks’kdj ^^voljksa esa vlekurk** dks tks fd lcls cM+h vlekurk gSA ;g vehj rFkk xjhc vkSj lEiUu rFkk foiUu ds chp dh lcls cM+h [kkbZ gSA xjhch dk lek/kku n;kyqrk ugha gS] ;g cfYd ;g U;k; esa fufgr gS & ,d ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk esa tks fd lHkh dks] lHkh txg dke] LFkkf;Ro vkSj lEink miyC/k djk;sA ge esa ls izR;sd ds lkFk lEekuiw.kZ O;ogkj fd;k tk; D;ksafd ge lHkh cjkcjh ds Lrj ij gSaA ;g dguk fd lHkh O;fDr] fyax] tkfr] /keZ vkSj jk’Vªksa dk leku Lrj gS dwVuhfrd gksuk ugha gS] ;g ;FkkFkZ gS vkSj blls brj lkspuk i{kikr vkSj vU;k; gSA bl fo”o ds yksxksa dks ,d lEiw.kZ iSdst le>kSrs dh vko”;drk gS tks mUgsa dke ds volj ns] vius jktuSfrd Hkfo’; ds fu/kkZj.k dk vf/kdkj ns vkSj gj izdkj ls lekurk dk Lrj nsA
2½ bls yksdrkaf=rd gksuk gksxk
yksdra= dh izkphu ifjHkk’kk rFkk dksfyUl “kCndks’k ds vuqlkj yksdra= dks ,sls “kklu Lo:Ik esa ifjHkkf’kr fd;k x;k gS tks fd yksxksa ds fy;s yksxksa ds cgqer ds vk/kkj ij gS vkSj ekuo lekurk dh vo/kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gSA ^^ekuo dh lekurk** dk ;g Hkkx orZeku yksdra= esa yqIr lk gS ijUrq ;g ubZ fo”o vo/kkj.kk ds g`n; esa gksxk vkSj ;g gjdqN cny nsxkA izR;sd jk’Vª ls tula[;k ds vuqikr ds vk/kkj ij ,d] nks] rhu ;k pkj izfrfuf/k ml ns”k dh turk ds }kjk pqus tk;saxsA mEehnokj vius uke dk izLrko rks dj ik;saxs ijUrq izR;{k ;k ijks{k :Ik ls fuokpZu ds fy;s fdlh Hkh izdkj dk dksbZ izpkj ugha djsaxsA oksVksa dh [kjhn fcØh yksdra= esa vLohdk;Z fod`fr gSA ,drk cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s bu mEehnkokjksa dk jk’Vª dh ljdkj }kjk vuqeksnu gh cqf)erk gksxhA fo”o ds jk’Vªksa ds ;s p;fur izfrfuf/k ,d laln dk fuekZ.k djsaxs vkSj ekuo lekurk dh vo/kkj.kk ds vk/kkj ij fo”o ds yksxksa dh vksj ls fu.kZ; djsaxsA ge lHkh bl NksVs xzg dks lk>k djrs gSa] ;g gekjk ?kj gS] ge lHkh blh ds gSa vkSj gekjs ikl vius Hkfo’; ds fu/kkZj.k dk yksdrkaf=d vf/kdkj gS ftls dksbZ Hkh Nhu ugha ldrkA ;s izfrfu/k gekjh vksj ls lHkh vUrjkZ’Vªh; egRo ds elyksa ¼tSls ;q)] xjhch vkSj csjkstxkjh dks dSls jksdk tk;½ ij oksV }kjk fu.kZ; djsaxsA fuLlansg os ,sls lHkh eqn~nksa ij fu.kZ; ysaxs tks vUrjkZ’Vªh; leqnk; dks izHkkfor djrs gksa vkSj eq[; rkSj fo”o “kkafr LFkkfir djus ds fy;s lcls lerkewyd mik; fudkysaxsA u dsoy fo”o “kkfUr ds fy;s vfirq iwjh ekuotkfr ds fy;s U;k;] xfjek vkSj le`f) gsrqA ;g vko”;d gS fd bl fudk; ds ikl lHkh egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ;ksa dks ysus ds vf/kdkj gksa vkSj muds ikl bldks ykxw djokus dh “kfDr gks pkgs blds fy;s cyiz;ksx gh vko”;drk D;ksa u gksA
3½ bls ,drkiw.kZ gksuk gksxk
^^,drk esa gh cy gS** ;g gekjk iqjkuk ;q)?kks’k gSA vUrr% ge lHkh bl xksykHk ds ukxfjd gSa] vUrfj{k esa Hkze.k”khy ,d vkdk”kh; fi.M ds ftls i`Foh xzg dgk tkrk gSA vkSj ge lHkh dks vf/kdkj gS fd ge lHkh ds lkFk leku ds Lrj ds ukxfjd ds :Ik esa lEeku vkSj O;ogkj fd;k tk;A lekurk rFkk leku Lrj esa vUrj dks le>uk vR;Ur gh vko”;d gSA ge lHkh leku ;k cjkcj ugha gSaA phu yDtse ds cjkcj ugha gS] nksuksa ns”kksa dh tula[;k] {ks=Qy] lEHkkouk;sa dqN Hkh cjkcj ugha gSaA nksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh ,d nwljs ls Js’B] fuEu ;k cjkcj dqN Hkh ugha gS ijUrq bu nksuksa ns”kksa vkSj muds ukxfjdksa dks leku Lrj feyuk gh pkfg;sA blds fy;s gesa ,d iSdst le>kSrs dh vko”;drk gS tks izR;sd ukxfjd vkSj jk’Vª dks cjkcjh dk Lrj ns ldsA lHkh yksxksa dks dke dk volj feys] phtsa fdl Lo:Ik esa gksa blij fu.kZ; ysus esa Hkwfedk gks vkSj “kkfUr rFkk xfjek iznku gksA tc ,slk gksxk ge lHkh ,dk dk vuqHko djsaxs vkSj ,d vUrlZacaf/kr O;fDr ds :Ik esa ,dk dj lkFk jg ldsaxsA
bl ckr ds ,sfrgkfld dkj.k Li’V gSa fd D;ksa lHkh jk’Vª] /keZ rFkk yksx vius vkidks Js’B le>rs gSa vkSj blls lekt esa O;kIr vlekurkvksa dks le>k tk ldrk gSA ekuotkfr ds mn~Hko dks ns[krs gq, blls vfrfjDr dqN vkSj lkspk Hkh ugha tk ldrk Fkk ijUrq vc le; vk x;k gS fd bu vlekurkvksa vkSj vU;k; dks tkuk gh iM+sxkA Lora=rk] xfjek vkSj “kkfUr ds fy;s fo”o ds yksxksa vkSj ljdkjksa dks rhu ekSfyd fl)kUrksa oSf”od U;k;] oSf”od yksdra= vkSj oSf”od ,drk dks viukuk gh gksxkA tc ge ,slk dj ik;saxs rHkh tkdj yksxksa dks u dsoy dke dk vf/kdkj] laj{kk dk vf/kdkj] f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vkSj ,d ns”k ls nwljs ns”k esa Lora= :Ik ls vkus tkus dk vf/kdkj izkIr gksxkA ;s vf/kdkj gkfly gksaxs] ;s okLrfod gks ldsaxs vkSj izR;sd O;fDr okLro esa dke dj jgk gksxk] izR;sd ds ikl Ik;kZIr Hkkstu gksxk] izR;sd O;fDr f”kf{kr gksxk vkSj izR;sd ds ikl fo”o ds fdlh Hkh ns”k esa fopj.k vkSj thus gsrq Ik;kZIr lk/ku gksaxsA ;g oSf”od U;k;] yksdra= vkSj ,drk & ;g fo”o dh ljdkjksa dk la?k fuLlansg gh ekuork dks [kq”kgkyh vkSj “kkfUre;rk ds u;s nkSj esa igqWapk;sxkA
oSf”od yksdra= okLrfod dSls gks\
;q) ls =Lr bl fo”o dh vf/kla[; vke turk fo”o “kkfUr] iw.kZ jkstxkj vkSj le`f) dh vkdka{kk j[krh gSA ,slh gh bPNk gekjs lezkV] lkezkfK;ksa] jk’Vªk/;{kksa vkSj iz/kkueaf=;ksa dh Hkh jgh gSA fo”o “kkfUr dk [ktkuk jktusrkvksa vkSj xSj jktuhfrKksa dh vfHkyk’kk jgh gS vkSj lHkh rdZlaxr rFkk lqy>s fnekx okys yksx bldh vdka{kk j[krs gSaA gekjs lsuk/;{k] gekjs vFkZ”kkL=h] gekjs v[kckjksa ds lEiknd ,oa Vsyhfotu izLrksrk] iqtkjh] dfox.k ,oa fQYeh dykdkj & izk;% lHkh us bl jRu dks izkIr djuk pkgk gSA le; ds lkFk lHkh yksx bl rF; dks Lohdkj djsaxs fd bl ubZ O;oLFkk ds dbZ Qk;ns gSa vkSj bld vo/kkj.kk dks vkRelkr dj bls lkdkj djus dk iz;kl djsaxsA rc ^^mudk** vkSj ^^gekjk** tSls “kCn csekuh gks tk;saxs vkSj iwjh ekurok bu fopkjks dks fny ls viuk;sxhA ;g nLrkost vkidks rFkk mij of.kZr lHkh dks vihy djrk gS fd bl thounk;h fopkj dks viuk;sa vkSj nwljksa dks Hkh bls viukus ds fy;s izsfjr djsaA
bl vfr egRoiw.kZ ;kstuk dks ;FkklaHko izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg;s vkSj le>kuk pkfg;s tc rd fd bl fopkj dks lHkh dksbZ le> u ysaA laikndksa] i=dkjksa vkSj fo”o ds lekpkj izfrfuf/k dh blesa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gksxhA lekpkj ek/;eksa esa dke dj jgs yksxksa ds fy;s ;g nkf;Ro vkSj fo”ks’k lEeku gksxk fos blls lacaf/kr vf/kdkf/kd lwpuk;sa bl rjhds ls izlkfjr djsa fd vf/kd ls vf/kd yksxs bl rjg ds ifjla?k ds egRo dks le> ik;saA
blls tuer esa gypy lh vk,xh vkSj bldk leFkZu dj jgs yksx bldh fofHkUu [kwfc;ksa ds ckjs esa Li’Vrk ls crk ik;saxsA ;g gypy vkSj Hkh rhoz gksxh tc lHkh jk’Vªks ds ukxfjd] lHkh jktuSfrd nyksa ls] ekuork ds lHkh oxksZa ls yksx ,d lkFk vkdj U;k; vkSj “kkfUr dh Hkkouk ls ,drk vkSj mRrstuk dk vuqHko djsaxs vkSj bl ubZ lR;rk ds izfr mRlkg ds u;s gypy cuk;saxsA bl izdkj ;g mRlkg fo”o “kkfUr dh bPNk dks tkx`r djsxk vkSj bldk izlkj ,d jk’Vª ls nwljs jk’Vª rd gksxk tc rd fd ;g pje ij igqWap dj iwjs fo”o dks lekfgr u dj ysA oSf”od U;k;] oSf”od yksdra= vkSj oSf”od ,drk ij vk/kkfjr bl u;s oS”fod le>kSrs ls fo”o “kkfUr dh bl vkdka{kk dks okLrfodrk es cnyk tk ldsxkA
ekuork viuh lexzrk esa fo”o “kkfUr ds bl fopkj dks viukus dh vksj vxzlj gksxh vkSj tSlk vkt ge dj jgs gSa iwjh nqfu;k ds jktk] jk’Vªifr vkSj laln lnL; bl u;s izLrko ds izfr viuh bPNk ?kksf’kr djsaxs vkSj os mEehnokj Hkh tks bl izfØ;k esa fuokZfpr gksuk pkgsaxsA ge fo”o ds izR;sd mEehnokj dks iwjh ekuork ds fy;s “kkfUr vkSj xfjek LFkkfir djus esa lg;ksx ds fy;s vius lkFk vkus ds fy;s izksRlkfgr djsaxsA bl rjg ls iwjs fo”o ls tks Hkh mEehnokj bl izLrko ds i{k esa gSa fo”o ds yksxksa ds tukns”k ls fuokZfpr gksdj fo”o “kkfUr LFkkfir djus ds fy;s bl ;kstuk dks vkxs c<+k;saxsA
tc fo”o ds lHkh Hkkxksa ls ls vf/kdka”k laln lnL; bl ;kstuk ds leFkZd gksaxs rc ;g ekuork dks vxys pj.k esaa tkus dk tukns”k gksxk tgkWa fo”o ds yksxksa vkSj ns”kksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djus ds fy;s izfrfuf/k;ksa ds p;u gsrq fo”o Hkj esa fuokZpu izfØ;k pykbZ tk;sxhA izR;sd jk’Vª viuh tula[;k ds vuqikr esa ,d] nks] rhu ;k pkj izfrfuf/k;ksa dks turk dh vkokt ds vuq:Ik dke djus ds fy;s pqusxkA tc ;s izfrfu/k fuokZfpr gksaxs rks “kh?kz gh os “kh?kz gh ,d lHkk dk xBu djsaxs vkSj fgalk ds var dh ?kks’k.kk djsaxsA ;g lEHkor% 11 uoEcj dks vkfeZfLVl fnol ij gksxk ftl fnu dks ge igys Hkh “kkfUr fnol ds :Ik esa eukrs gSa vkSj ;q) esa ekjs x;s yksxksa dks ;kn djrs gSaA fcuk fdlh foyEc ds os U;k;] xfjek vkSj “kkfUr ds iSdst le>kSrs ij dke djsaxs tks fo”o ds lHkh O;fDr vkSj lHkh jk’Vª dks lekfgr djsxkA os fo”o “kkfUr vkSj vU; ,sls laxBuksa ds lkFk] tks fd ekuokf/kdjksa vkSj fo”o lafo/kkuksa ij igys ls dke dj jgs gSa] foe”kZ dh izfØ;k “kq: djsaxsA ;g jk’Vªksa dh lhekvksa dks vkSj ljdkjksa ds chp lgh laca/kksa dks ifjHkkf’kr djsxkA ;g lqfuf”pr djsxk fd jk’Vªh; ljdkjsa Lok;Rr] Lora= vkSj izHkqrk lEiUu cuh jgsa vkSj ifjla?k dsUnzhdj.k ds vfroknh izHkko ls iw.kZr% eqDr jgsA
vUrjkZ’Vªh; O;kikj] lkefjd le>kSrksa] cSafdax] Ñf’k rFkk vU; ekeyksa vkSj ekudksa dks r; fd;k tk;sxkA os pj.kc) :Ik ls O;olkf;d vojks/kksa dks nwj djsaxs vkSj U;k;laxr vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dks yk;saxs tks fd lHkh jk’Vªksa dks leku vk/kkj ij U;wure dfBukbz;ksa ds lkFk ijLij O;kikj ds volj nsxkA ;g loZ lekfgr le>kSrk vius pkVZj ds Hkkx ds :Ik esa ekuokf/kdkjksa ds lkoZHkkSfed ?kks’k.kki= dks Hkh “kkfey djsxkA U;k; dh ekWax gS fd bl rjg ds iSdst esa iw.kZ jkstxkj ds mijksDr izLrko ;k fQj fdlh vU; fof/k dks “kkfey djs tks ;g lqfuf”pr djs fd izR;sd O;fDr dks ek= mldk vf/kdkj gh ugha cfYd dke djus ds volj Hkh feysa rkfd bl /kjrh ij gjsd O;fDr viuh vkSj vius ifjokj dh xfjek dks lg;ksx dj ldsA bl rjg ds vkSj dbZ vU; Hkh lq>ko bl le>kSrs dk vk/kkj r; djsaxsA
vUrjkZ’Vªh; Lrj ij bu izfrfuf/k;ksa ds ikl “kklu dh loksZPp lRrk gksxh rkfd os lHkh egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ;ksa dks fo”o ds yksxksa vkSj jk’Vªksa dh vksj ls ys ldsaA vkSj blds fy;s buds ikl bu fu.kZ;ksa dks ykxw djokus dh “kfDr Hkh gksxh pkgs bldk vFkZ cyiz;ksx Hkh gksA “kkfUr dks lqfuf”pr djus ds fy;s bldh viuh ,d lsuk gksxh tks fd fo”o ds lHkh jk’Vªksa ls feyk dj cusxhA
fo”o dh ljdkjksa dk ;g ifjla?k vius izFke o’kZ esa bl o`gn iSdst] le>kSrs vkSj lgefr i= vkSj O;oLFkkvksa ij dke djsaxsA u;s ifjla?k ds lanHkZ esa ^^cgqer dh bPNk** dk fo”ks’k egRo gksxkA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ;s le>kSrs ge fo”o ds yksxksa ds lEeq[k izLrqr fd;s tk;saxs vkSj gekjs }kjk vuqeksfnr gksaxsA ;fn ge bl i`Foh xzg ds ukxfjd bldh iqf’V djsaxs rHkh fo”o “kkfUr dh LFkkiuk gks ldsxh ¼;g Hkh iqu% lEHkor% vkfeZfLVl fnol ij gh fd;k tk;sxk½ vkSj ekuork ,sls Lo:Ik esa fodflr gksxh tks fd dYiukrhr lqUnj gksxkA
,drk vkSj “kkfUr ds fy;s] fof/k vkSj O;oLFkk ds fy;s vkSj bl ckr dk lEeku nsrs gq, fd izR;sd jk’Vª vius gh rjhds ls fodflr gqvk gS ;g ifjla?k lHkh ljdkjksa dks muds ;gkWa yksdra= ds Lrj] ekuokf/kdkjksa ds izfr izfrc)rk ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko ds fcuk Lohdkj djsxkA rc le; ds lkFk lHkh jk’Vªh; ljdkjsa vUrjkZ’Vªh; ekudksa dks iwjk djus ds fy;s lger gksaxhA
;g fo”o dh ljdkjksa dk ifjla?k ge] fo”o dh yksxksa dh vko”;drk ds vuq:Ik gS vkSj blfy;s ;g vko”;d gS] ;g gekjh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djsxkA ;g U;k;laxr gS] ;g gekjk vf/kdkj gS] ;g oSlk gh tSlk ge pkgrs gSa] ;g og lcdqN nsxk tks gekjk gd curk gS] ;g ogh gS ftls ge ikus tk jgs gSa vkSj ge fo”o ds yksx blls de fdlh Hkh ckr ij le>kSrk ugha djus tk jgs gSaA ;g vgadkj dk izrhd ugha gS cfYd ;g bl ckr dh LohdkjksfDr gS fd blls derj dksbZ Hkh pht gekjs fdlh dke dh ughaA bls vfuok;Z :Ik ls iw.kZr% U;k;laxr] iw.kZr% yksdrkaf=d] vkSj iw.kZr% ,drkc) gksuk gksxkA dksbZ Hkh tu lewg] ;k jk’Vª lewg] /kuh ns”k] xjhc ns”k] rsy mRiknd ns”k ;k dksbZ Hkh gksa bl O;oLFkk dk vuqfpr ykHk ugha ys ik;saxs ftlls bl leLr izfØ;k dh f[kYyh mM+sA ;fn ;g iw.kZr% lgh ugha gS rks ;g fcYdqy gh lgh ugha gSA ;g fdlh Hkh :Ik esa vU;k;iw.kZ vFkok vyksdrkaf=d ugha gks ldrh gSA ;g fdlh Hkh tkfr fo”ks’k] jax fo”ks’k vFkok er fo”ks’k ds fo:) ugha gks ldrh gS vkSj ;g fdlh Hkh rjg ls i{kikriw.kZ ugha gks ldrh gSA bl u;s izLrko dks iw.kZr%] “kr izfr”kr U;k;laxr] yksdrkaf=d vkSj laxfBr gksuk gh gksxkA
fuLlansg dqN yksx bl ckr ij rdZ dj ldrs gSa fd ;g vfr vkn”kZoknh lksp gSA xqykeh vkSj uLyHksn O;oLFkk ls NqVdkjk Hkh vkn”kZokfnrk gh FkhA gkWa] ;g vkn”kZokfnrk gS ijUrq ;g O;okgfjd vkSj izkI; Hkh gS vkSj blds vykok vU; fodYiksa ds ifj.kke gekjh dYiuk ls Hkh vf/kd ?kkrd gSaA ;g lHkh dks Li’V gks tkuk pkfg, fd tc vYcVZ us dgk Fkk fd ^^lH;rkvksa vFkok ekuotkfr ds fy;s eqfDr dk ekxZ fo”o ljdkj ds l`tu ds vfrfjDr dqN Hkh ugha gS** rc oks fcYdqy gh lgh FksA ;g fnekx esa mFky iqFky ykus okyk vkSj blij fo”ol dj ikuk vR;Ur gh dfBu gS ijUrq ;g lR; gS fd varr% ekuork u;s oSf”od le>nkjh ds vk/kkj ij “kkfUr vkSj le`f) LFkkfir djus gh okyh gSA
izkjEHk esa dqN yksx] lewg vkSj ;gkWa rd fd dqN ljdkjsa Hkh ,slh gksaxh tks fd bl izdkj ds le>kSrksa dks ekuus ls badkj djsaxsh D;ksafd oks eku ldrs gSa fd mudk rjhdk loZJs’B gS vkSj ogh rjhdsa os lHkh ij Fkksi ldrs gSaA nqHkkZX;o”k vHkh Hkh dqN yksx ,sls gSa tks ;g ekurs gSa fd mudk jk’Vª] uLy ;k /keZ vU; dh vis{kk Js’B gS vkSj bls vU; yksx Hkh ,slk gh le>saA fo”o “kkfUr vkSj le`f) dk lkfUu/; ,d ,slk okrkoj.k fufeZr djsxk fd yksx rFkk jk’Vª laxfBr rFk tkxzr ekuork ds fy;s lkFk vkus ds fy;s izksRlkfgr gksaA
nqHkkZX; gS fd dbZ yksxksa ds vopsru eu esa fo”o ljdkj ds izfr Hk; ;k vk”kadk O;kIr gSA dqN xyr gks ldrk gS ,slh fpUrk LoHkkfod gh gSA] fdrkcksa ;k fQYeksa esa ,slk vDlj gksrk vk;k gS vkSj iwjk xzg cqjh “kfDr;ksa ds paxqy esa vkdj u’V gks tkrk gS ; fQj rkuk”kkgh dk fdlh :Ik esa f”kdkj gks tkrk gSA ,slk ;wjksih; la?k esa ugha gqvk vkSj ,slk oSf”od la?k dh fLFkfr esa Hkh ugha gksxkA D;ksafd blesa dbZ vUrfufeZr lw= gksaxs tks ;g lquf”pr djsaxs fd ;g ubZ O;oLFkk iw.kZr% vkSj lEiw.kZrk esa yksdrkaf=d gksA
;g ifjla?k /kuh ns”kksa ls lEink mu ns”kksa esa gLrkarfjr djsxk tgkWa bldh vko”;drk lcls vf/kd gS] Bhd mlh rjg tSlk ;wjksfi;u la?k dbZ o’kksZa ls djrk vk jgk gSA ;g ;wjksi esa lQy jgk vkSj ;g fo”o Lrj ij Hkh ykxw djus ij mruk gh lQy jgsxkA bl rjg ls ge vehj vkSj xjhc jk’Vªksa ds chp dh [kkbZ dks rsth ls ikV ldsaxsA dbZ;ksa ds fy;s bl rF; dks vkRelkr djuk dfBu gS fd iw.kZ jkstxkj vkSj fo”o “kkfUr okLro esa laHko gSA blds fy;s gesa pSrU; gksdj] viuh lksp dks iquxZfBr dj bl okLrfodrk dks Lohdkj djuk gh gksxkA
fo”o ds yksxksa ds izfrfuf/k Lo;a dks vius dk;Z ds izfr lefiZr djsaxs vkSj le; ds lFk lHkh cM+h vUrjkZ’Vªh; ck/kkvksa dks ikj djrs tk;saxsA os Ik;kZoj.k esa lq/kkj yk;saxs] dk;Zn”kkvksa dks csgrj cuk;saxs] iwjs xzg esa LokLF; dh fLFkfr esa vUrj yk;saxs] vkSj bl /kjrh dksa csgrj cuk;saxs tgkW lHkh yksx lkFk jg ldsaA pwWafd ge thou dks lEiw.kZrk esa thuk pkgrs gSa] vkil esa “kkfUr vkSj iM+ksafl;ksa ds lkFk ln~Hkko ls thuk pkgrs gSa] ;g ubZ lHkk lqfuf”pr djsxh fd lHkh yksx fodkl ds fy;s u dsoy HkkSfrd ;k vkfFkZd :Ik esa cfYd “kSf{kd] HkkoukRed rFkk vk/;kfRed :Ik ls Hkh l”kDr gksaA
gjsd dks rdZiw.kZ <ax ls lkspdj ;g r; djuk gS fd D;k ;g gekjs fy;s] gekjs cPpksa ds fy;s vkSj Hkfo’; dh ihf<+;ksa ds fy;s cf<+;k gSA vPNkb;ksa ds ds uke ij gesa viuh ifjiDork dks n”kkZrs gq, Lrj esa lekurk dh okLrfodrk dks Lohdkj djuk gksxk vkSj “kkfUr vkSj ln~Hkko ls thus dk fodYi pquuk gksxkA nq[k bl ckr dk gS fd dqN yksx ,slk Hkh ekurs gSa fd ;g bruk vPNk gS fd ,slk gks gh ugha ldrk ;k fQj ;gkWa rd fd ge blds ;ksX; gh ugha gSaA ysfdu fu”p; gh gesa bldh vis{kk gSA ;q)] xjhch vkSj iru ds dkj.k gekjh ekuork us dkQh dqN lgk gS vkSj vc le; gS fd yksx “kkfUr ds lkFk jgsaA vla[; yksx Hkw[k ls ej x;s] geus vla[; yksxksa dks ;q) esa ekj Mkyk gS] geus vla[; ce rFkk cqysV cuk Mkys gSa] D;k bruk Ik;kZIr ugha gS\
vkbZ;s ge le>nkjh ds uke ij fo”o esa “kkfURk LFkkfir djus ds fy;s dne c<+k;sa] ftruh tYnh mruk gh vPNk! gesa bl izfØ;k dks vHkh ls gh “kq: djuk gksxkA ge ml le; rd dk bUrtkj ugha dj ldrs tc fd iwjh fo”o esa fLFkfr;kWa bruh [kjkc gks tk;sa fd gekjs lkeus dksbZ Hkh fodYi ugha jg tk;sA bruh ckr rks fuf”pr gS fd fo”o esa fLFkfr;kWa rc rd [kjkc gh gksrh tk;saxh tc rd fd ge U;k;laxr] yksdrkaf=d vkSj laxfBr fo”o ljdkj dks fdlh Lo:Ik esa ugha lkdkj ugha dj ikrs gSaA
gekjk fo”o & gekjh ilUn
ge] bl xzg ds ukxfjd nkf;Roc) gSa fd ,d nwljs dh ns[kHkky djsa vkSj bl xzg dh fpUrk djsaxsA blfy;s lHkh dk bl ubZ fo”o O;oLFkk esa Hkkx ysus ds fy;s Lokxr gSA ;g gekjk nkf;Ro gS vkSj lkSHkkX; Hkh fd ge bl xzg dk]s ge lHkh ds fy;s] vius cPpksa ds fy;s vkSj vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa ds fy;s] jgus ;ksX; lqUnj txg cukus esa viuk ;ksxnku nsaA nqfu;k dh fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, vkSj Hkw[k rFkk ;q) esa ekjs tkus okys yksxksa dh la[;k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ;g gekjk uSfrd nkf;Ro gS fd ge vius ikxyiu joS;s dks NksM+dj vius chp ls ,sls usrkvksa dk p;u djsa ftuds ikl U;k; dh bl ubZ O;oLFkk dh n`f’V gks vkSj blds fy;s izfrc)rk gksA
vkbZ;s ge lHkh bl i`Foh xzg ds cPPks] L=h rFkk iq:’k ,dtqV gksdj gekjs vius xzg dk LokfeRo ysa] bldh ljdkj dk vkSj bldh osnukvksa dk LokfeRo vkSj bl xzg dh osnuk dks lekIr djus ds fy;s bl ;kstuk dk LokfeRo vius gkFkksa esa ysaA ge bu lHkh osnukvksa dsk viuh osnuk cuk;saA bl u;s ifjla?k dks viuk ifjla?k cuk;saA vkbZ;s ge lHkh fey dj ekuork ds fy;s] mu lHkh ds fy;s tks fdlh rjg ls thou clj dj jgs gSa] vkewy ifjorZu ds fy;s] fo”o “kkfUr dh vksj dne c<+k;sa rkfd ekuork dk cgqer bls Lohdkj dj lds vkSj iqjkru vkØked fo”o dh okLrfodrk dks ,d ubZ U;k;laxr vkSj “kkfUriw.kZ fo”o O;oLFkk esa ifj.kr djsa vkSj blds fy;s ge] ge lHkh yksx ,d u;s vkSj csgrj fodYi dks pqusa tks lHkh ds izfr fu’i{k] U;k;laxr vkSj mfpr gksA
bl lek/kku ds izfr fo”o esa izR;sd O;fDr esa ftKklk mRiUu djus vkSj dsoy lefiZr mEehnokjksa ds fuokZpu ds fy;s mRlkgh cukus ds bl vfregRoiw.kZ dke esa lHkh dk Lokxr gSA tks Hkh O;fDr] dEiuh] VªsM ;wfu;u] jktuSfrd ny] laxBu rFkk ljdkjsa bl u;s izLrko dh vis{kk djrs gSa mUgsa bldk [kqy dj leFkZu djuk pkfg;s vkSj bldk fdlh u fdlh :Ik ls leFkZu djuk pkfg;sA “kgjh fudk;] uxj ifj’kn rFkk ppZ viuk ;ksxnku nsa] U;k; dh vis{kk j[kus okys lHkh yksx vkSj os lHkh laxBu tks vius “kgj] ns”k vkSj bl fo”o dks ,d csgrj txg cukuk pkgrs gSa bl ubZ O;oLFkk esa lg;ksx nsaA ge v[kckjksa esa fy[ksa] LFkkuh; jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfotu ls lEidZ djsa rkfd izr;sd O;fDr dks bldh tkudkjh gks vkSj os bldk leFkZu djsaA osclkbZV esa fofHkUUk mik;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS ftuls ge blds fy;s lHkh dh enn dj ldrs gSaA vkbZ;s ge vius fe=ksa] fo|ky;ksa vkSj dEifu;ksa dks dks bl miØe esa “kkfey gksus ds fy;s izsfjr djsaA izR;sd f”k”kq] ;qok] efgyk vkSj iq:’k dks bl loksZPPk egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk] bl ubZ “kq:vkr] vkSj ekuo bfrgkl ds bl u;s ;qx esa vkxeu esas a lg;ksx ds fy;s izsfjr djsa & ekuo vius ;qx esa vk jgk gSA
ge [kkeks”k ugha jgsa] ge bl lans”k dks QSyk;sa] ,d nwljs dks izksRlkfgr djsa] bl ij ppkZ djsa vkSj er nsa vkSj blh rjg gekjs izfrfuf/k pqus tk;saxs] gekjs ifjla?k dk fuekZ.k gksxk vkSj fpj izfrf{kr fo”o “kkfUr dh LFkkiuk gksxhA rHkh gekjh lH;rk dks lqO;oLFkk vkSj le`f) dk vk”khokZn izkIr gksxkA bZ”oj ds uke ij] rdZ ds uke ij vFkok lkekU; le> ds uke vFkok laosnuk ds uke ij ge bls vo”; djsaA ;g ifjla?k vo”; gh iwjh nqfu;k dk loksZPPk jktuSfrd eqn~nk cusxk vkSj bls ;g eqn~nk cuuk gh pkfg;sA ;g lHkh jktuSfrd eqn~nksa ij gkoh gksxkA ge fo”o ds yksx ;k rks blds lkFk gSa ;k blds f[kykQ gSa blesa gekjs fy;s ;k jktusrkvksa ds fy;s dksbZ Hkh chp dk jkLrk ugha gSA vHkh ls izR;sd O;fDr ls ,sls mEehnokjksa ds p;u dk vkàku gS] blfy;s ugha fd ;g fdlh fo”ks’k jktuSfrd ny ls lacaf/kr gS cfYd blfy;s fd mudh v[k.Mrk vkSj fo”o dh ljdkjksa ds ifjla?k esa fu’Bk vlafnX/k gSA
,slk gksuk vifjgk;Z gS vkSj ;g egt le; dh ckr gS ysfdu ge ek= bruk lkspdj f”kfFky ugha gks ldrs gSa fd ,slk gks tk;sxkA dnkfi ughaA gesa blds fy;s vius iz;klksa dks iwjh fu’Bk ls ykxw djuk gksxk rkfd ge fo”o dh orZeku Hk;kog fLFkfr dks cny ik;sa vkSj ,slk rHkh laHko gS tc ge ,sls izR;kf”k;ksa dk p;u djsaxs ftuds ikl oSf”od n`f’V gks vkSj bl vn~Hkqr fo”oO;kih egku lHkk ds l`tu dh izcy bPNk”kfDr gksA blds fcuk gjsd fcrk;s gq, rhu lsdsaM ij gekjs ifjokj dk dksbZ u dksbZ lnL; vU;k; vkSj fc[kjko dk f”kdkj gksxk vkSj thou rd gkj pqdk gksxkA
mudh ihM+k ds uke ij vkbZ;s ge lHkh ekuork ds dY;k.k ds fy;s vius vki dks bl vUrjkZ’Vªh; U;k;] ,drk vkSj fo”o “kkfUr ds le>kSrs ds izfr lefiZr djsaA le; ds lkFk mudh ihM+k de gksxh vkSj ge bl mRrjthfork dh ;q)Hkwfe dks ,d “kkfUre; m|ku esa cny ldsaxs tgkWa lfg’.kqrk vkSj xfjek gksxhA vkb;s] Ñi;k blesa gekjh enn djsaA
fjpMZ ckVZys
fo”o “kkfUr vkSj le`f) ds fy;s yksx ¼ih- ih- ih-½ dh vksj ls
With the advent of automation in the 19th century, and of computers, microchips, robots and all sorts of wonderful labour-saving devices in the 20th century, we have thankfully developed technology to such an extent that automated machines are now capable of doing most of the work. Production is achieved by people and by machines, however, today, machines have many advantages and very often are better able to do the work; they can work faster, longer, and generally speaking more accurately, but most importantly they do not have to be paid, and so, not only are the machines better able to do the work, they also cost less. The result is that to produce a given quantity of goods, companies are progressively employing more machines and fewer people.
To visualise the extent of the above problem, let's take an imaginary company producing cheese, coal, cars or whatever, and let's suppose that fifty years ago it had an annual turnover of €22 million and a work-force of 450 people. If we calculate that it had an annual 3% increase in turnover, and a reduction of the same percentage in the number of people employed, then the annual turnover is increasing while the number of people involved in producing it, is decreasing. This means that the Number of People Employed relative to the turnover is decreasing at an extremely rapid pace.
* Terms such as "mankind" "man" "he" and "his" used in this paper refer equally to both genders. It is hoped that it will not cause offence.
The continuous decrease in the number of people employed, relative to one million euro turnover, becomes obvious from a glance at the table or graph below. In our theoretical company, over a fifty year period, the ratio has dropped from 20.5 people employed per one million euro turnover to only 1 person.
Table 1
Graph 1
In our hypothetical company fifty years ago there were 20.5 people employed per million euro turnover, today that figure is down to 1. These figures serve only to illustrate the dramatic decrease in the Ratio between the Turnover and the Number of People involved in producing it. The number of people employed in relation to the turnover is decreasing year after year. If we, the international community, do not control it, next year fewer people will be required and each subsequent year the number will be smaller. For us to ignore this economic reality is insane, it simply perpetuates the necessity for us to continue the process of replacing people with machines, thus creating an endless downward vortex of unemployment and of the need to compete even more fiercely.
Because of the way the world economy has evolved in an uncontrolled way, most government ministers and company directors are "forced" to view the world market as a shrinking pie, to be fought over. It is possible to expand the market, and in a way that will secure full employment, co-operation and prosperity. No individual, company or country can be economically secure so long as those who manage the economy are "forced" to go on employing fewer, and moving to geographical areas where the work-force has no alternative other than to work for survival wages. The solution to our world's economic situation is not to continue to employ fewer and fewer people and to find new areas where human beings are forced to work for smaller and smaller amounts of money. Lack of organisation at an international level "forces" today's managers to involve themselves in the business of exploiting those who are the world's most deprived and underprivileged people. The proposed solution will guarantee that such exploitation will come to an end.
Our intelligence and imagination have enabled us to design these extraordinary tools of mass production. We now have a proposal that is fundamentally simple which will ensure that every individual, company and government in the world will be extremely well served by this automation.
Since the unemployment problem is caused by humanity’s failure to respond to the Decreasing Number of People Employed in Relation to Turnover, then obviously the solution is for us, the people of the world, to organise ourselves so that we respond to this Decreasing Ratio by increasing it. We do not have to allow the world's work-force to continue shrinking, it would be infinitely better to reverse the situation simply by increasing the ratio which is presently decreasing.
As soon as we do this, full employment, as this document demonstrates, will become a reality within a short number of years. It is reasonable to assume that any agreement to solve the unemployment problem would cause at least some serious problems; however, such an assumption is inaccurate. When we examine the proposed solution, it becomes manifestly clear that the implementation of the solution presents us with three situations that appear to be “difficulties”, but on examination they turn out to be definite advantages that will benefit every individual, company and government in the world. In other words, it is possible to create full employment without creating any problems whatsoever.
The ratio needs to be controlled and the control must be exercised by the governments of the world, and ought to be incorporated into an overall plan for world peace and prosperity. The agreement will be legally binding and enforced as a part of company law. This can be accomplished without disruption or administrative complications, for almost all of the information that is required for it to function smoothly is already being made available to the authorities by employers, for the purpose of accessing tax liability.
To create full employment using this plan, the first step would be to calculate the number of people world-wide employed in each sector of industry, such as building, banking, the car assembly industry, and all the others. Then it would be necessary to determine the total annual turnover of each sector. Dividing the turnover by the number of people employed, gives a figure that represents the average turnover per person in that particular industry. This would provide the ratio between the annual turnover and the number of people employed in producing that turnover; this would have to be done for each sector of industry and commerce world-wide.
To take the car assembly industry as an example: the number of people employed in assembling cars world-wide would have to be worked out. Having established the turnover, the ratio would then be calculated. In the illustration already given, in table 1, that ratio “for this year” works out at 98 people employed for every 96.4 million euro annual turnover. This figure of 98 would be used as a starting point in the process of deciding on a new higher ratio, which would become the Minimum Employment Ratio Figure (M.E.R.F.) for that particular group. The M.E.R.F. will be set by international consensus. Derogations of one kind or another will certainly be necessary in the case of specific countries and possibly even companies, depending on circumstances.
When the negotiations are completed, let's suppose that for the car assembly industry, it is agreed to employ 100 people for every 96.4 million euro annual turnover, then that would become the Minimum Employment Ratio Figure for that industry. From then on, every car assembly plant world-wide would have to employ 100 people for every 96.4 million euro annual turnover. The M.E.R.F. would then be worked out for each other sector of industry and commerce.
The M.E.R.F. for each category of industry will then be increased slightly, by approximately 2% annually, until such time as unemployment would no longer exist. The introduction of such an agreement will guarantee full employment throughout the world. This will create an unprecedented "feel good" factor and will justifiably create enormous hope and confidence. Globally, we have the capacity to increase production very considerably because with more than half our citizens trying to survive on less than $3 a day, they cannot afford to buy even the food or medicine that they need to survive, so billions of items are not produced, not because they are not needed, but because the poor cannot afford to buy them. You cannot buy much on three dollars a day. But as the unemployed begin to work, they will buy more of what they need to live in dignity. This will create an unparalleled boom in the world economy, and this in turn will create additional employment.
For every 2% increase in employment due to the international agreement, it is reasonable to assume that there will be at least an additional 2% increase due to the boom in the world economy. When these two factors are combined it results in a minimum of a 4% increase in employment each year. The solution does not rely on the "feel good" factor; it will simply speed up the process. The annual cumulative effect of a 4% increase in employment over a period of six years represents a 26.5% increase in employment as can be seen from table 2 below. An annual cumulative effect of a 5% increase over eight years represents a 47.7% increase in the number of people working.
Table 2
The figures speak for themselves. Depending on the "feel good" factor, which could be as high as three or four percent, it will take approximately six years to achieve full employment. Let us now look at the first “difficulty” – the cost of employing the additional people. The 2% mandatory increase in the size of the work-force can be organised to actually cost less, simply by adjusting the level of tax. Almost all companies and other employers world-wide are paying tax for every person that they employ, based on his or her earnings. This tax varies from country to country, and ranges approximately from 5 to 15 percent. It may be in the form of a tax or social insurance - it is sometimes referred to as the "Employment Tax".
To illustrate how the 2% increase in the size of the work-force can actually cost less, let's assume that a particular country has an "Employment Tax" of 13%, this makes employing people 13% more expensive than it otherwise would be. The idea therefore, is to reduce this tax, not by 2%, but by two percentage points, (which is considerably more) to 11% which will reduce the cost of employing the work-force by 2%. However, the increased size of the work-force will increase the cost by 2%. The cost goes down by 2% and up by 2% at the same time, the net result therefore is a zero percent increase. It would be an added advantage to arrange this tax concession in a way that would ensure that companies actually pay less, even though they will be employing more. This can be achieved quite simply by reducing the tax by 2.2 percentage points annually for as long as it is necessary.
Table 3 on the following page assumes that the government tax is 13%, and that we agree to reduce it by 2.2 percentage points each year for six years, while simultaneously increasing the M.E.R.F. by 2% for the same duration. If the "Employment Tax" in a particular state is already low, for example 6%, then as soon as that figure has a negative value, instead of paying tax, the company will receive a compensation payment from the state, or from an international fund, to ensure that it will get the full benefit of the reduction. Such an arrangement will ensure that the overall cost of employment will be reduced as can be seen from table 3 on the following page.
Table 3
This saving of €6,090 in the sixth year represents a reduction of a half of 1%. The table clearly demonstrates that there is an overall reduction in the cost of employing the work-force. This reduction is not very significant economically, however, psychologically it is of great importance.
So far, the examples taken have been of large industries, however, a similar system can be worked out for smaller-scale enterprises, such as farming, shops, garages, etc. Each type of business will have its own M.E.R.F. depending on the labour intensity, profit margins and so on, of that particular industry. Someone with a small business will have to employ others, as soon as he or she has reached a certain turnover, (let’s say €400,000) then for additional turnover (let’s say for every €200,000) that employer will have to employ an additional person. A system to enable overtime and part-time work to continue will be incorporated into the agreement.
And now for the second "difficulty". If a company needs only one hundred people to produce its turnover what then will the extra people who are employed be doing? The answer is that for every 2% increase in the M.E.R.F. there will be a corresponding 2% decrease in the time spent at work. This will mean that in every place of work; in every factory, office and shop, the number of man-hours to be worked will not change, the only difference will be that more people will work shorter hours, they will get paid the same as before, but it will cost their employer slightly less. Table 4 below establishes that the number of man-hours to be worked will remain unchanged.
Table 4
As you can see from the chart, in only six years, a 39 hour week is reduced by more than four hours to only 34.63, a reduction of more than half a day. Today, many are unemployed, while many more are working hours which are far too long, both situations are unsatisfactory. Wouldn't it make a lot more sense if we all (those of us with employment) worked shorter hours?
We have overcome the first "difficulty" of the cost of employing the extra people, and the second "difficulty" of finding work for them to do; we now need to look at the third and final "difficulty" - the apparent problem of the loss of revenue to the state, due to the gradual reduction in the "Employment Tax". This loss will be compensated for in a number of ways. Instead of the state having to pay out vast sums of money on unemployment assistance, they will in fact receive money, from those who had been unemployed, in the form of income tax, social insurance and in other taxes. The revenue from most taxes will be greater, due to increased spending, higher profits and other factors. In addition to that there will also be savings in a wide variety of expenditures in most of the social services such as health care and public housing. With everybody working there will be fewer social problems, such as crime, drug addiction, and so forth. These factors will more than compensate for the loss of income to the state from the reduction in the "Employment Tax".
From the figures that have been outlined, there can be no doubt but that full employment world-wide can be achieved in close to six years, and in a way that will benefit governments, companies and individuals throughout the world. This proposal is but one way to achieve full employment. It could also be achieved, for example, without reducing the "Employment Tax", by simply allowing the additional 2% in the cost of employment to be passed on to the consumer, doing this would have an inflationary effect of less than 1%, (as labour is only a part of the overall cost of production) and that would be a very small price to pay for full employment.
The implications of being able to provide work for everyone, and in a way that ensures that all are gainfully employed producing the goods and services that we need, are beyond our imagination. It will put an end to extreme poverty, and to all kinds of industrial exploitation, and create an economic system that will benefit employers and employees alike. It will create agreement in the work environment and will help to bring harmony among the nations. In short it will transform the human race.
In addition to unemployment we have many other appalling problems that belittle the people of the planet, especially poverty. Approximately 10% of our population is living in dire poverty. Of these 630,000,000 people, according to those who know best, approximately 2% of them, 12.6 million people die each year from poverty related disease. Our economic “system” kills them; it kills more people than those killed each year during the two World Wars. The problem is of that magnitude. It represents 34,000 people dying each day; 1,400 each and every hour; one person dies every three seconds as a result of our economic “system”. This holocaust can and must be brought to an end. There is a solution and we must implement it, we cannot continue to allow anything or anybody to kill 12,600,000 people every year. Hand in hand with this poverty we have extraordinary wealth. The hundred richest people in the world earn the same amount of money as the two billion poorest, one third of our population. This inequality of opportunity causes the type of frustration and anger that leads to terrorism and war.
We have nuclear bombs ready and capable of being used, these bombs may have the capacity to kill every human being on the planet. We have sufficient chemical, biological and conventional weapons to kill hundreds of millions of our brothers and sisters. Much of what is happening on planet Earth today is very destructive, uncaring and extremely dangerous, to the extent that it threatens not just human society, but even the planet itself. The dreadful catalogue of difficulties from which mankind is suffering, is too long and complicated to be dealt with here, the following is but a short list:
- Extreme Poverty
- Unemployment
- War
- Terrorism
- Genocide
- Refugees
- Famine
- Disease... especially Aids
- Child Labour and Child Prostitution
- Nuclear Bombs
- Dangerous Nuclear Plants
- Unfair Trading
- Crippling Debts
- Drug Trafficking
- Lawlessness
- Lack of Education
- Global Warming
- Pollution
- Hole in Ozone Layer
- Land Erosion:
- Truly the list could go on and on.
Our political system is incapable of solving the above problems. Companies have become bigger, richer and more powerful. Many have turnovers greater than some countries and so their influence over international issues can be unhealthy. Many international decisions taken by politicians are influenced more by corporate gain than by what is for the common good. The rich and powerful people determine the fate of countries, and the rich and powerful countries determine the fate of the world.
The greatest problem of all is the fact that our planet does not have any proper form of government, because no organisation is mandated to govern the world. The Presidents and Prime Ministers of the world are mandated to look after their own country, that is their responsibility and that is what they do, but nobody looks after the planet itself. Nobody has been given that responsibility; it lies, and must lie, in the hands of the entire people of the world. When we take on that responsibility we will have a govern¬ment. The people of the world have been moving slowly in this direction for many years. We are now poised and ready to take on that responsibility and when we do the above problems will be solved and the human race will advance towards astounding new levels of prosperity.
We are evolving politically, democratically and socially in every way. We have come from a cave-man like existence, where small gatherings of people lived and cared for one another in groups. These social groups, and their territories, grew larger and larger. They lived as clans or tribes and eventually as nations. In all these developments the mindset was, we are good; we will protect ourselves and look after one another. However, surrounded, as they were, by enemies who were prepared to kill them, they had no choice other than to kill in order to protect themselves. It was a question of kill or be killed.
The history of mankind is the history of these groups fighting and killing, and growing into larger and larger groups of people, living to some degree in harmony with themselves, but always at war with the other - the enemy. The wise and spiritual always tried to get these people to change their approach, and to see all people as their brothers and sisters, so that all could live in peace. Their armies grew larger and larger and so did their battles and wars. In the 20th century two of these conflicts were world-wide in magnitude. Our groups have become so big that we are running out of enemies and our bombs so destructive that not only do they destroy the enemy they may well destroy the one who unleashes them. What has the killing achieved? The message has finally got through - we are all brothers and sisters, and it makes sense to live in peace.
Phenomenal advancements have taken place recently and over the past hundred years or so. The most extraordinary and important of these has undoubtedly been the evolution in mankind’s conscious-ness. Although less tangible then technological advancements, it is very real. Consider how justice, democracy and equality, have evolved over the last century, today, the majority of people accept others regardless of colour, nationality or creed, people want to live and let live. Compared to the early 20th century and previous centuries these attitudes are quite astounding.
We have arrived at a higher level of understanding, we now accept the equal status of men and women, of black and white, and we have learned to respect the equal status of each race and of all people. We have arrived at a new level of democracy, where we accept the rights of all nations. Few individuals now think in terms of inferior or superior people, races, nations, or even religions. People nowadays think of themselves as equals among others. What an incredible transformation has taken place.
The vast majority of people want peace, not just in a political sense, but we wish to live in harmony in a civilised world, where people are encouraged to discard preconceived ideas and prejudices. We want a world where people work with respect for one another in an atmosphere of harmony between worker, capital and employer. Today most want to live in a world where the rulers and the ruled co-operate for the common good of all. Yes, as individuals, we have arrived, but our international political and economic institutions are inappropriate, belonging as they do to the 19th or earlier centuries, and to a mindset that is totally outdated and morally impoverished by today’s standards.
True, we are different, the human race is made up of an astounding diversity of cultures, colours, and customs, of languages and traditions, but the mood of the age is one of unity in diversity. Just as the diversity of flowers in a garden increases its beauty, so too is humanity’s beauty increased by the extraordinary diversity of its peoples, such diversity must be encouraged.
Both science and religion strengthen the idea that World Government will come into being. Einstein and Pope John Paul II have this to say regarding the need for international order.
"There is no salvation for civilisation, or even the human race other than the creation of a world government."
Albert Einstein |
”The international community should support a system of laws to regularise international relations and maintain the peace in the same way that law governs national order.”
Pope John Paul II |
Many great minds down through the ages both scientific and literary have given us an image of a world living in peace and in harmony. Mystics and poets have written of Peace on Earth, the Prophets of God have foretold that a time would come "when war will be no more", "when justice will cover the land" and when "the spears will be hammered into ploughshares”. Even a superficial study of the scriptures of the World Religions or a study of mankind’s social or political history suggests strongly that World Peace and World Government are indeed inevitable.
Our history, as just summarised, has been one of fighting to survive, and so all the emphases has centered around being big, strong and powerful, for it was such people and nations who ruled. Their rule was based on being powerful, not on justice, and so it is hardly surprising that primitive attitudes relating to power still linger to this present day. The existing world “order”, to the extent that it exists, is based on the idea that the powerful nations rule, and in reality, they rule in a way that protects their own interests; justice for the wider community is not really a factor. This is why there is such a strong sense of injustice and frustration in the hearts of so many throughout the world. Fortunately, humanity is about to move away from international government based on power, to one based on justice. The existing “order” is unjust, undemocratic and disunited. The new Order needs to be exactly the opposite: to be just, democratic and united; on this basis alone can we establish a new Order of Peace and Prosperity.
1) It must be Just. Justice is the prerequisite for unity. Justice leads to unity and unity leads to peace. If there is no justice, people will fight for it, and that results in war. All inequalities must be abolished, but especially the greatest inequality of all; the inequality of opportunity - the appalling divide between the rich and poor; between the “haves” and the “have nots”. The solution to poverty does not lie in charity, it lies in justice - in an economic system that offers work, stability and wealth to everyone everywhere. We must all be treated with dignity for we all have equal status. To say each person, gender, race, religion or nation has equal status is not being diplomatic, it is the reality, and to think otherwise is a prejudice, and an injustice. The people of the world need a complete “Package Deal” which offers them work, the right to determine their future politically, and equal status in every way.
2) It must be Democratic. According to the age-old definition of democracy, and according to Collins Dictionary, “democracy” is defined as a form of government for the people by the will of the majority of the people based on the concept of the equality of man, this aspect of “the Equality of Man” is presently missing, but will be at the heart of the New World Reality, and that will change everything. One, two, three or four Representatives, depending on the size of each country’s population, will be chosen by the people of that country. Candidates can put their name forward, but cannot, directly or indirectly, advertise in order to get themselves elected; for buying votes is an unacceptable distortion of democracy. For the sake of unity it would be wise if these Representatives were approved by the Government of their own country. These chosen Representatives of the nations of the world will form an assembly and make decisions, based on the concept of the Equality of Man, on behalf of the people of the world.
We all share this tiny planet, it is our home, we all belong here, and we all have an inalienable democratic right, and a responsibility to determine our own future. These Representatives, on our behalf, will vote on all international issues such as how best to prevent war, poverty, and unemployment, indeed they will determine all issues that affect the international community, and most especially, they will work out the most equitable way to establish World Peace. Not just World Peace, but justice, dignity and prosperity for all of mankind. It is essential that this body has the authority to make all the necessary decisions that need to be made, and they must have the power to implement them, even if that necessitates the use of force.
3) It must be United. It is the oldest battle cry in the world “united we stand, divided we fall”, and after all, we are all citizens of one sphere, one heavenly body travelling through space, called Planet Earth and we all have the right to be respected and treated as citizens and given equal status. It is important to be aware of the difference between equality and equal status. We are not all the same or equal, China is not equal to Luxembourg, their populations are not equal, their size, their talents are not equal. Neither is superior, inferior or equal to the other, but both these nations and their people must be afforded equal status. For this to happen we need a complete “Package Deal” which offers equal status to every individual and nation. All people must be offered work, a say in how things ought to be, and peace and dignity. When this happens we will all feel united, and be united and live together as one interconnected people.
There are obvious historic reasons why almost all nations, races, religions and peoples have considered themselves superior, and therefore it is very understandable that many inequalities exist, it could not but be otherwise considering how mankind has evolved, however, the time has now come for these inequalities and injustices to go. To have freedom, dignity and peace, the people and governments of the world need to embrace the three fundamental principles of Global Justice, Global Democracy and Global Unity. When we do this, people will not only have the right to work, the right to be cared for, to be educated, the right to be able to move freely from one country to another, these rights will be actualised, they will become the reality, and everyone will be actually working, will actually have sufficient food, will be educated, and will have the means to be able to move and live in peace in any country of the world. This Global Justice, Democracy and Unity - this Confederation of the Governments of the World will without doubt lift humanity to a new level of happiness and tranquility.
The vast majority of the ordinary people of this war-weary world want World Peace, Full Employment and Prosperity. So too, do our Kings and Queens, our Presidents and Prime Ministers; the treasure of World Peace is desired by politicians and non-politicians; it is cherished by all reasonable and fair-minded people. This gem is sought after by almost everyone; by our generals, our economists, by our newspaper editors and television presenters, by priests and poets, pop stars and film stars. Over time, all will appreciate the many advantages of the new arrangement; they will embrace the concept and strive to make it a reality. There will be no “them” and “us”, humanity as a whole will grow into the idea, and take it to heart. This document is a call to you and to all those mentioned above to enthusiastically embrace this life-giving idea and to encourage others to do the same.
This all-important plan must now be explained and promoted as much as possible, by as many as possible, until the idea is understood by all. Editors, journalists and the news presenters of the world have a pivotal role to play. A great honour and responsibility lies in the hands of all those who work for the news media to ensure that as much information as possible is presented, in a fashion that will guarantee that most people will understand the importance of such a Confederation.
There will be a ground-swell in public opinion, advocating it, and clearly pointing out its many advantages. This ground-swell will grow as people from all nations, from all political parties, from all sections of humanity, come together in a feeling of unity and excitement, in a spirit of justice and peace, and create a tidal wave of enthusi¬asm for this New Reality, thus enabling us to forge the shape of our own destiny, through our own Representatives. This enthusiasm will create a desire for World Peace that will spread from country to country until it reaches a crescendo and envelopes the entire globe, transforming the desire for World Peace into a reality, through the formation of a New Global Arrangement based on Global Justice, Global Democracy and Global Unity.
Humanity in its entirety will nudge towards embracing this concept of World Peace, and as we do, Kings, Presidents and Members of Parliament throughout the world will declare their desire for this new approach – so too will candidates who are seeking to be elected. We will encourage every candidate throughout the world to join us in establishing peace and dignity for all of mankind. To ensure that they get elected, we, the majority of the citizens of world, will vote in all local, national and international elections, only for those candidates who are totally and publicly committed to this justice-for-all approach to managing the affairs of mankind. By doing this, candidates throughout the world who are in favour of this plan will be elected, with a mandate from the people of the world to proceed with this plan to establish World Peace.
When the majority of the Members of Parliament throughout the world are in favour of this plan, then that will give humanity the mandate to move to the next step, which is to coordinate elections throughout the world to choose the Representatives to represent the people and nations of the world. Each country will choose one, two, three or four Representatives (depending on the size of its population) to act as a voice for the people of the world. When the Representatives are elected they will immediately form an assembly and declare a cessation of violence. That will hopefully occur on 11th November – Armistices Day, a day already set aside when we celebrate peace and remember all those who died in war. Without delay they will begin to prepare a “Package Deal” of justice, dignity and peace which will include every individual and every nation of the world. They will begin a process of consultation with world peace and other organisations, who have worked on human rights and on world constitutions and the like. It will begin the process of defining national boundaries and the precise relationships between governments, ensuring that National Governments will remain autonomous, independent and sovereign, and that the Confederation will be totally free from the excesses of centralisation.
All international issues relating to trade, armaments, banking, agriculture, and all aspects of international affairs and standards, will be determined. They will have to create a system to phase-out trade barriers, and phase-in a fair economic system that allows all nations to trade together with the least amount of difficulty, and on a level playing field. This all-inclusive treaty may well include the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as part of its charter. Justice demands that such a package will include either the above proposal for full employment or some other method of ensuring that each person will have, not just the right, but the opportunity to work, so that everyone on the planet can support himself and his family in dignity. These, and much more besides, will form the basis of any such treaty.
At an international level these Representatives will have supreme authority to rule, making all the necessary decisions, on behalf of the people and nations of the world, and it must have the power to implement these decisions, even if that entails using force. To ensure that peace is maintained, it will have an army made up from every nation in the world.
This Confederation of the Governments of the World will spend the first year preparing this all-embracing package, treaty, pact, or settlement. Within the context of the New Confederation, the "Will of the Majority" will be of great importance; this means that the treaty will have to be presented to us, the people of the world, to be approved by us. If we, the citizens of Planet Earth, endorse it, then, and only then, will World Peace be established, (again hopefully on Armistice Day) and humanity will then develop in ways that are unimaginably beautiful.
For the sake of unity and peace, and for the sake of law and order, and as an acknowledgement that each country has developed in its own unique way, the Confederation will accept all governments regardless of their level of democracy or commitment to human rights. Then over time all National Governments will agree to conform to International Standards.
This New Confederation of the Governments of the World is what we, the people of the world, need, this is what is necessary, this will solve our problems, this is what is just, this is our right, this is what we want, this is what we are entitled to, and this is what we are going to get, and we, the people of the world, are not going to settle for anything less. This is not a sign of arrogance, but rather an acknowledgement that anything less than this, would be of no use. It has to be totally just, totally democratic, and totally united. No group of people, or group of countries, the rich countries, the poor countries, the oil countries, or whatever, can have any unfair advantage; that would make a mockery of the whole thing. If it’s not totally right, it is not right at all. It can’t be unjust or undemocratic in one way or another, it can’t be against a race, a colour, or a creed; it can’t be prejudiced in any way. The New Approach has to be totally, one hundred percent, just, democratic and united.
No doubt some will argue that it is too idealistic. Ridding ourselves of slavery and the apartheid system was also idealistic. Yes, it is idealistic, but it is also practical and achievable, and besides the alternative is unimaginably dangerous. And yes, it may be met with cynicism and even ridicule but as it is examined and understood it will become manifestly clear to all that Albert Einstein was right when he said “there is no salvation for civilisation, or even the human race, other than the creation of a world government”. It is mind boggling, it is extremely difficult to believe, but it is true, humanity, at long last, is about to wage peace and establish prosperity through a New Global Understanding.
Initially, there may well be some people, or groups of people, or maybe even governments, who may be opposed to such an undertaking, for they may well believe that "their way" is better and that it should be imposed upon "their people”. Unfortunately, there are still some who believe that their nation, race or religion is superior and that it should be treated as such. However, the proximity of World Peace and Prosperity will create an atmosphere which will encourage people and nations to join forces with a vibrant and united Mankind.
Unfortunately, deep down in many peoples’ psyche there is a fear or dread of world government. There is the understandable anxiety that something might go wrong; in books and films it always does, and the planet ends up being governed by an evil force, or by some form of autocracy. This has not happened in the European Union and it will not happen when we become a Global Union, because it will have many inbuilt features ensuring that the New Understanding is totally and completely democratic.
The Confederation will transfer wealth from the wealthier nations to those in most need, just as the European Union has been doing for many years. It has been very successful in Europe, and it will be equally successful when carried out on a world-wide scale, and will speed up the process of narrowing the gap between the rich and poor nations. It is difficult for most of us to come to terms with the fact that full employment and World Peace are actually possible, so we need to consciously reorgan¬ise our think¬ing to embrace this reality.
The Representatives of the People of the World will dedicate themselves to their duty, and will, in time, overcome all of the major international problems; they will improve the environment, upgrade working conditions, transform the health situation throughout the planet, and seek to make this world a better place for all to live. This New Assembly will ensure that all people are empowered to develop, not just in a material or economic sense, but educationally, emotionally and spiritually, as we search to live life more fully, in peace with ourselves and in harmony with our neighbours.
Let each of us decide in a fair-minded way if this will be good for us, for our children, and for future generations. Let us, in the name of all that is good, prove our maturity, accept the reality of our equal status, and choose to live in peace and harmony. Sadly there is a tendency to think that it is too good to be true, or even that we don’t deserve it. But surely we do, humanity has suffered enough war, poverty and degradation, now the time has come to live in peace. Enough people have starved to death, we have killed enough people in battle, we have used enough bombs and bullets; enough is enough.
Let us in the name of sanity advance forward and establish Peace on Earth, as soon as possible. We must begin this process now; we must not wait until such time as world conditions become so much more dreadful that we are left simply with no alternative. One thing is sure, the world situation must of necessity deteriorate as long as we remain without some form of global government that is just, democratic and united.
We, the citizens of the planet, have a responsibility to look after it and to care for one another, so all are encouraged to get involved in establishing this New Worldwide Understanding. It is our responsibility, indeed it is our privilege to be engaged in making this planet a better home for all of us, for our children, and for future generations. Considering the state of the world, and bearing in mind the number of people dying from hunger and war, we clearly have a moral responsibility to change the insanity of our ways by choosing from among ourselves leaders with a vision, leaders who are dedicated to this New Order of Justice. The time has now come for us to do this, so it is absolutely necessary that we start immediately to elect those candidates who are dedicated to this New Peaceful Approach to Government.
Let us, the children, women and men of Planet Earth, unite together and take ownership of our own Planet, and ownership of its government, and ownership of the suffering on it, and ownership of this plan to end that suffering. Let their suffering be our suffering. Let this New Confederation be our Confederation. Let each of us, for the sake of humanity, and for the sake of all those who are too poor to stay alive, set about this transformation, let there be universal participation in this honour of creating World Peace, so that the overwhelming majority of mankind may embrace it, thus ensuring a smooth transition from the Old Aggressive World Reality to the New Peaceful and Just One. Let us, let all of us; choose this infinitely better alternative - of fairness-for-all.
All are encouraged to help in this all-important task of getting everybody in the world excited about the solution, and enthusiastic about voting only for committed candidates. Let every individual, company, trade union, political party, organisation and government who desires this new approach, publicly declare their support for it, and help it in one way or another. Let urban councils, town councils, and churches proclaim their support, let all people seeking justice, and all groups, who wish to make their town, country or world a better place, promote this New Approach. Let us write to the newspapers; contact our local radio or television so that everybody everywhere gets to know about it and to support it (the Web site has a list of ways to enable us all to help). Let us encourage friends, schools and companies to get involved in this undertaking. Every child, youth, woman and man is encouraged to help in this supremely important event; this new beginning; this new epoch in human history - Mankind's coming of Age.
Let us not be silent - let us spread the news, let us encourage one another, let us speak and vote, and our voices and choices will be heard, and our Representatives will be chosen, and our Confederation will be formed, and our long-awaited World Peace will be established, and our civilisation will be blessed with harmony and prosperity. In the name of God, or in the name of reason, or in the name of common sense, or in the name of compassion, let us do this. This Confederation must, and will, become the number one political issue throughout the world. It must, and it will, overshadow all other political issues. We, the people, are either for it, or against it, there is no in-between, for us, or for the politicians. From now on everyone, absolutely everybody is called upon to vote for candidates, not because they belong to a specific political party, but more importantly because she or he has integrity and supports the idea of a Confederation of the Governments of the World.
It is inevitable that this will happen, it is just a matter of time, but let us not simply relax and let it happen, no let us be truly heroic in our efforts to transform the appalling state of the world by choosing only those candidates with a global vision and a desire to create this great and wonderful New Worldwide Assemblage, for without it, as each three seconds pass, another member of our family falls victim to injustice and disunity, and fails even to survive.
For the sake of their suffering let us dedicate ourselves to the welfare of mankind by supporting this International Agreement for Justice, Unity and World Peace, and in time, their suffering will be alleviated and we will transform this battlefield for survival, into a peaceful rose garden of tolerance and dignity. Please Help.
Richard Bartley on behalf of
website: joinppp.org
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Everyone is for World Peace and Prosperity. So all are ppp people. If you would like to be an active ppp person please click on join ppp
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